Assignment on Cultural studies on Mary Shelly's "Frankenstein"

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Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 2
Roll No.: 7
Paper No.: 8 Cultural studies
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Study of Frankenstein

‘Frankenstein’ is  kind of a novel which touched every aspect of its contemporary time including the visual arts, fiction and nonfiction, stage plays, film, television, advertising, clothing, jewelry, toys, key chains, coffee mugs, games, Halloween costumes, comic books, jokes, cartoons, pornography, academic study, fan clubs, websites, and even food which have names like frankenberry. This practice has been divided in two parts first is talking about revolutionary births and second is talking about ‘Frankenstein’ in popular culture.

Revolutionary Births

As Frankenstein has become increasingly commodified by modern consumer culture, one wonders whether its original revolutionary spirit and its critique of scientific, philosophical, political, and gender issues have become obscured, or whether instead its continuing transformation attests to its essential oppositional nature. As George Levine remarks, Frankenstein is “ a vital metaphor, peculiarly appropriate to a culture dominated by a consumer technology, neurotically obsessed with ‘getting in touch’ with its authentic self and frightened at what it is discovering.” As we have many articles in magazine that warn of genetically engineered “Frankenfoods”, test tube babies, and cloning. Creature is seen as revolutionary birth and technology as monster and because of this thinking we always come to a conclusion that mew creation is always be harmful.

The Creature as proletarian

Proletarian simply means a working class which we can connect with the creature or monster and the bourgeois class is with victor who create the monster. So as bourgeois class will always wants to control the working class and if working class people start demanding their needs, high class people will consider them as monster same thing happen with monster of “Frankenstein” and victor who create monster. Johanna M. Smith calls the “alternation between fear of vengeful revolution and sympathy for the suffering poor”. Monster like the creature are indeed paradoxical. On the one hand, they transgress against “the establishment”; if the monster survives he represents the defiance of death, an image of survival, however disfigured. On the other hand, we are reassured when we see that society can capture and destroy monsters. We never think that may be the creator of creature can also be in fault we only consider creature as something bad and wants to destroy creature but never ask a question to its creator.

A Race of Devils

Here there is not a talk about black or white but a different creature which is not like others. When it comes to racism our mind started thinking about white and black and we can see this in white’s culture that whenever it comes to portray a black man or women they showing them as childlike, suffering, and degraded being. In this vein, Victor could be read as guilty slave master. Interestingly, one of Mary Shelly’s letters mentions an allusion to “Frankenstein” made on the floor of parliament by foreign secretary George Canning, speaking on March 16, 1824, on the subject of proposed ameliorations of slave conditions in the West Indies: “To turn him (the slave) loose in the manhood of his physical strength, in the maturity of his physical passion, but in the infancy of his uninstructed reason, would be to raise up a creature resembling the splendid fiction of a recent romance”. Now only because black is skin color of slave and they are different then white they jump to a conclusion that they don’t have enough sense, same thing happen with monster that just because he looks different then other people they start doubting and hitting monster which in a way shows the sense of racism.

From Natural Philosophy to Cyborg

Cyborg means partly human and partly machine. Today, in an age of genetic engineering, biotechnology, cloning, the most far reaching industrialization of life forms to date, “Frankenstein” is more relevant than ever. Developments in science were increasingly critical to society during the Romantic period, when a paradigm shift occurred from science as natural philosophy to science as biology, a crucial distinction in “Frankenstein” Mary Shelly also known about the Galvanism which are the experiments of Luigi Galvani who uses electricity for giving life to dead one and that idea Mary Shelly used in her novel. But here they show science as something harmful because the monster which is created with the help of science is at last become dangerous.

The Frankenstein in Popular culture

In the “Routledge Literary Sourcebook” on “Frankenstein”, Timothy Morton uses the term “Frankenphemes”, drawn from phonemes and graphemes, as elements of culture that are derived from “Frankenstein”. Broadly defined, Frankenphemes demonstrate the extent of the novel’s presence in world cultures, as the encoding of race and class in the 1824 Canning speech in Parliament, in today’s global debates about such things as genetically engineered foods, and of course in fiction and other media. So let’s have a look at the transformation of Frankenstein in Popular culture.

The greatest Horror story novel ever written

Frankenstein’s fictions Peter Haining, editor of the indispensable “Frankenstein Omnibus”, has called Frankenstein “the single greatest horror story novel ever written and the most widely influential in its genre”. Apparently the first writer to attempt a straightforward short tale inspired by Frankenstein was Herman Melville, whose story “The Bell-Tower” was published in “Putnam’s Monthly Magazine” in 1855. Then the first story about female monster is French author Villiers de L’Isle Adam’s “The future Eve”.

American writer W.C.Morrow published “The Surgeon’s Experiment” in “The Argonaut” in 1887. Jack London’s early story, “ A Thousand Deaths”. Frankenstein inspired the set of tales published in “Home Brew” magazine called “The Reanimator” by H.P.Lovecraft, which later become a cult classic movie, “Herbert’s West: Reanimator”. There is also some versions like Mikhail Bulgakov’s saire on Stalinist Russia, “The Master and Margarita” in 1940 and Theodore Roszak’s ecofeminist novel “The memoirs of Elizabeth Frankenstein” in 1995. There is a surprising amount of Frankenstein-inspired erotica, especially gay and lesbian-oriented.

Frankenstein on the stage

From his debut on the stage, the Creature has generally been made more horrific, and Victor has been assigned less blame. No dramatist would want to try for all of the complexities of the novel. In stage versions, only a few key scenes- the creation scene, the bride night and the destruction of the Creature are used. May be because in stage one can not show the whole novel because it is live and live performance are shorter in forms.

The first theatrical presentation based on Frankenstein was “Presumption, or, The Fate of Frankenstein” by Richard Brinsley Peake, performed at the English Opera House in London. This also inspired some parodies first with “Frankenstitch” in 1823, later “Franke-n-steam”, “The Devil Among the Players”, “The Man in the Moon”, “Frankenstein and His Bride” was performed at a club called strip city in Los Angeles in late 1950s. There is also children’s show like Witchiepoo and The Rocky Horror Show and that also filmed as The Ricky Horror Picture Show, which has very interesting and new character “Frank-n-furter”, a transvestite from the planet Transsexual in the galaxy Transylvania and this character’s look is like gay.

Film Adaptations

James whale film Frankenstein, is the most famous of all film adaptations. It was loosely based on the novel with the addition of new elements, including the placing of criminal brain into the monster’s body. The first film version of Frankenstein, however, was produced by Thomas Edison in 1910, a one reel tinted silent. The early films, including this one, were able to move away from the melodrama and clumsy moralism of the stage productions and focus on more dreamlike and bizarre episodes that have more to do with the novel’s themes of creation.

In whale’s version there are new characters included and the criminal brain reflects the biological determinism popular among Americans in the early decades of the twentieth century. People consider heredity rather than environment, economic system, or education to be the critical factor in problems of social unrest, immigration, unemployment, and crime, and they looked to such pseudosciences as eugenics to promote the reproduction of groups judged to have sound genetic backgrounds and to prevent those who did not.

In Whale’s “Bride of Frankenstein” tends toward comedy, parody, and satire rather than pure horror. Some viewers note its attacks on sacred institutions like marriage and its gay subtext. It also construes the Creature more as an innocent victim, showing that he kills only when he provoked.  The film which is most true to the novel is Kenneth Branagh’s 1994 “Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein” but at some level it seems most interested in the love affair between Victor and Elizabeth. These all are some example but there is lots of name which we can show as adaptations from Frankenstein.

Television Adaptations

Frankenstein has surfaced in hundreds of television adaptations, including Night Gallery, The Addams Family, The Munsters, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Scooby-Doo, Frankenstein Jr. And the Impossibles, Alvin and the Chipmunks, The Simpsons, Wishbone, and so on. Perhaps the most authentic television version was Frankenstein: The True Story (NBC 1972), with script writing by Christopher Isherwood.

Conclusion

To conclude, we can see that how Frankenstein still lives. Though there are many differences made with various intensions but the text remain the ground for many works. In different adaptations the character of Creature also changes, like, in some adaptations it is innocent or in others there is implantation of criminal brain and in many others there is gay or lesbian texts. So this is how Creature and Frankenstein live in many ages and with many new themes and this changes also shows us the zeitgeist of different ages.

Assignment on Bharatmuni's Natyashastra and Rasa theory

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Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 2
Roll No.: 7
Paper No.: 7 Literary Theory and Criticism
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Bharatmuni and his Natyashastra

Bharatmuni was an ancient Indian theatrologist and musicologist. He wrote the “Natyashastra”, a theoretical treatise on ancient Indian dramaturgy and histrionics especially Sanskrit theatre. He was consider as the father of Indian theatrical art forms.

The tradition considers the Natyashastra as an additional Veda. A version of the Natyashastra had been in existence before the 3rd century. The Natyashastra is a compendium of performed arts such as drama, music, dance. The Natyashastra was used through the fifteen hundred years of Sanskrit literary thought as the bedrock of literary theory.

Bharatmuni was maker of Rasa theory. It is necessary to remind ourselves that the Natyashastra is not devoted solely to the exposition of Rasa theory. Rasa theory is only a fragment of the entire compendium.

The Natya

As per description of Bharatmuni, The Natya is depiction and communication pertaining to the emotions of the entire triple world, occasionally piety, occasionally sport, occasionally wealth, occasionally peace of mind, occasionally laughter, occasionally fighting, occasionally sexual passion, occasionally slaughter, the pious behavior of those who practice religion, the passion of those who indulge in sexual pleasure, the repression of those who go by a wicked path, the act of self-restraint of those who are disciplined, creating boldness among those who are impotent, enthusiasm among those who consider themselves brave, comprehension among those who lack understanding, as also wisdom among the learned, graceful pleasure for those who wield power, steadiness and comfort for such as are afflicted with pain and misery, the ways of earning wealth for those who live by money, courage for those whose mind of emotions, built on the stuff of many stages and situations and imitating the conduct of the world, that is what this Natya is which I have produced.

Natya is based on actions and it will produce wholesome instruction, create courage, pastime, entertainment and pleasure. The Natya Bharatmuni says that, I assure you, will be an imitative presentation of all the seven islands. In fact the nature and behaviors of the world, intimately connected with happiness and misery, as rendered by physical and other forms of acting is to be called Natya.

Rasa Theory

In English Rasa is known as the rhetorical sentiments. There is eight rhetorical sentiments recognized in drama and dramatic representation are named as follows…
1) Erotic (Shringar)
2) Comic (Hasya)
3) Pathetic (Karun)
4) Furious (Raudra)
5) Heroic (Veer)
6) Terrible (Bhayanak)
7) Odious (Bibhatsa)
8) Marvelous (Adbhut)

The term Rasa has twofold significance: it means the ‘aesthetic content’ of literary art and also ‘aesthetic relish’ which reader or spectator enjoys. No literary impart can ever proceed without rhetorical sentiments and aesthetic relish. Rasas arise from a proper combination of the stimulants (Vibhav), the physical consequents (Anubhav), and the transient emotional states (Vyabhichari bhav). Throygh this aesthetic flavor and relish are produced.

These various emotional states reach the abiding mental conditions, the latter attain the quality of rhetorical sentiments, or become aesthetically relishable. Now one may ask that why it is called Rasa? We can answer it as, because it is capable of being tasted or relished.

There is interconnection between Bhava and Rasa. One may have question that weather emotional states turned out from the rhetorical sentiments or rhetorical sentiments turned out from the emotional states? We can answer it like as the combination of food spices and vegetables lends the cooked food a distinct relishable taste, in the same way the emotional states and sentiments leas each to the distinct level of an experiences.

As from a seed a tree grows and from the tree, flowers and fruits so all the sentiments stands as the root, the emotional states have their settled position for the sake of the sentiments.

The origin of all other sentiments are the four basic sentiments, Erotic, Furious, Heroic, and Odious. The Comic sentiment becomes possible from the Erotic, the Pathetic from the Furious, the Marvelous from the Heroic and the Terrible from the Odious.

Now lets have a look at all Rasas, their colors, their deities and what they represents.

1) The Erotic or Shringar Rasa, this rhetorical sentiment represent the beauty and love. The color of this is light green and the deity of this is Vishnu.


2) The Comic or Hasya Rasa, this sentiment represents happiness. The color of this is white and the deity of this is Pramatha.


3) The Pathetic or Karun Rasa, this Rasa represents sadness, pity or grief. The color of this is grey and the deity of this is Yama.


4) The furious or Raudra Rasa, this represents the anger. The color of this is red and the deity of this is Rudra.


5) The Heroic or Veer Rasa, this represents the courage, bravery or pride. The color of this is yellow-red. The deity of this Rasa is Mahendra.


6) The Terrible or Bhayanak Rasa, this sentiment represents the horror or terror. The color of this sentiment is black and the deity of this is Kala.


7) The Odious or Bibhatsa Rasa, this represents the disgust and aversion. The color of this is blue and the deity of this is Mahakal.


8) The Marvelous or Adbhut Rasa, this sentiment represents the mystery or curiosity. The color of this sentiment is yellow and the deity of this is Brahma.

The relation between emotional states and rhetorical sentiments. Now the matter of emotional states, the stable or permanent mental states (Sthayibhava) are eight like, love, laughter, sorrow, anger, energy, fear, disgust, and astonishment, and the transitory states (Vyabhicharibhava) are thirty two. There is a further separate group of eight psycho-physical states. These fortynine emotional states should thus be recognized as the casual factors for the artistic revelation of the poetic content, from these arise the Rasas by the quality of universality.

Like the men who become subordinate to the human being who occupies the position of a matter commanding them the other emotional states take the shelter of the permanent states by being subordinate to them and on account of their excellence the permanent states attain the status of Rasa. The transitory emotional states become their retinue.

At last Bharatmuni talked about the spectator, that, who can regarded as spectator and who is the ideal spectator. In answer of that he describe his views as below.

He says, a person who can watch the dramatic performance with all his senses undistracted, is pure and honest, is expert in judging the pros and cons, who can ignore a fault, and lovingly appreciate merit is to be regarded as a spectator in the dramatic performance.

 In answer of second question he says, one who experiences delight when he sees the delightful, experiences sorrow when pathetic things are presented, anger in the presentation of anger, fear in fear, such a person is to be known as the ideal spectator.

At last he says, thus, a person who is able to entre in the particular imitation of an emotional state, and is endowed with these qualities is to be known as a spectator of that particular presentation.

Conclusion

So, this is all about Bharatmuni, his Natyashastra and Rasa theory. In Rasa theory now there is nine rhetorical sentiments. May be this one added later as Bharatmuni only talk about the described eight Rasa and the ninth one is Shanta Rasa or Relaxation which represents the peace and state of mind. Normally this last Rasa can not be experienced because may be everyone’s mind is super busy in many things, in peaceful nature also the mind never stops working so this may be not experienced often as other sentiments are experienced.

Assignment on "Culture and Anarchy" by Matthew Arnold

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Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 2
Roll No.: 7
Paper No.: 6 Victorian Literature
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

“Culture and Anarchy” by Matthew Arnold

Matthew Arnold was an English poet and cultural critic, who worked as an inspector of schools. He has been characterized as a Sage writer, a type of writer who chastises and instructs the reader on contemporary social issues and in his “culture and anarchy” he is doing the same. “Culture and Anarchy” is a series of periodicals essays, first published in Cornhill magazine 1867-68 and collected as a book in 1869. The preface was added in 1875. Arnold’s famous piece of writing on culture established his high Victorian cultural agenda. Which remained dominant in debate from the 1860s untill the 1950s.

Sweetness and light

The essay starts with the Latin line, “ Estote ergo vos perfecti” which means “Be ye therefore perfect”. In the very beginning Arnold told us that this all essay is about be perfect. This phrase ‘sweetness and light’ he take from the book of Jonathan swift, ‘Battle of Books’. Sweetness and Light is the first chapter of his essay, in which he talks about the culture and its importance. According to Arnold culture is moving towards the perfection. On the starting of this chapter he is talking about the curiosity. He says that everyone should have curiosity to know more about culture. He says, “pleasure is in seeing things as they are and it implies a balance and regulation of mind which not often attained without fruitful effort, and which is the very opposite of the blind and diseased impulse of mind which is what we mean to blame when we blame curiosity.”

Then he says there is another view of culture which look towards the love of neighbor, impulses action, help and beneficence, desire for removing human errors, clearing human confusion, diminishing human misery, and desire for leave world better and happier than past. So in his view it is not only about curiosity but also about perfection. He says to love perfection, is a study of perfection. If one is intelligent being yet more intelligent. Then he quote Bishop Wilson who says, “To make reason and the will of God prevail” in further Arnold says that to see things as they are, to get the universal knowledge, to be happy this all things make the will of God prevail and by all these things the true characteristics of culture is manifested.

Then he emphasizing on act rather then think. He says, “ It is in making endless addition to itself, in the endless expansion of its powers, in endless growth in wisdom and beauty, that the spirit of the human race finds its ideal. To reach this ideal, culture is an indispensable aid, and that is the true value of culture.” He says not a having and resting but a growing and becoming. He emphasizing on inward growth rather then outward growth like wealth. As he talk about perfection, he also says that it is not about individual perfection, it is about the perfection of whole society, the perfection in masses, so he thinks that everyone should take others also with themselves on the path of perfection.

Arnold called all industries and wealth a machinery. He says that all are now running behind machinery and he consider it the most dangerous thing. He says that if we continue to run after machinery like this then everything will be turned in machinery right from our freedom to the religious organization. We should run after pursuing the culture not machinery. He gave example of coal, that at that time people used to think coal as their greatness but Arnold says that it is not our greatness, our greatness is in having spiritual condition. Then he create an situation and says that if England will swallowed by sea tomorrow which England should be remembered? Then he compare his time with the time of Elizabeth which consider his time with the time of Elizabeth which consider as the time of splendid spiritual effort, and he says the time of Elizabeth should remembered.

Then he talk about the power of middle class people but he also says that now they all become philistines – the people who believe most that our greatness and welfare are proved by our being very rich, and who most give their lives and thoughts to becoming rich, according to Arnold these people are philistines. He believes that they have to change their view.

Then he talk about religion more important because it has broader scale for perfection, with greater masses of men. And he think religion as most considerable effort after perfection the human race has yet made. Then he consider puritans as the best who made effort to persuit religion. He says that though puritans failed at some level but then even their idea of perfection is appropriate. He thinks puritanism as necessary to grow the moral fiber of English people.

Then he also talk about democracy. At that time democracy is new and Arnold give it a name ‘Jacobinism’. At last he says that the man who works for sweetness also works for light, who works for light also works for sweetness but who works for sweetness and light both they also works to make reason and the will of God prevail. The pursuit of perfection, then, is the pursuit of sweetness and light – Arnold said.

Doing as one likes

As in first chapter Arnold talking about the sweetness and light and through that the journey to the perfection and the values and importance of culture. Here in this second chapter he is showing the danger of anarchy – doing as one likes.

He says that if everybody starts doing as they like the society will move towards the anarchy and he consider anarchy as the danger zone. He says that the whole society will ne chaotic, because, if everybody starts doing as they likes, killing as they like, hitting as they like, meet as they like, enter as they like, the whole system of society will disturbed. He further says that English society always tends to be in favor of personal liberties but he has fear of coming anarchy in English society.

He says that our thoughts and actions are always should be guided with the best light for that culture is beneficial not anarchy. For that he gave example of Hyde park protestors and dissenters to prove that how chaotic world would become as one likes. He also talk about the authority of people should be given to the one state and for that he talk about the ‘best self’, he says that, “it is ‘our best selves’ to whom the authority must be given. Because it is truest friend and when anarchy is a danger, to this authority we may turn with sure trust, culture suggests one to us in our best self.”

At last he says that, “first, never go against the best light you have, secondly, take care that your light do not be darkness.” So, these are the views of Arnold on anarchy.

Three classes

In this third chapter Arnold talking about the three class of the society, Barbarians, Philistines, and Populace. As they are normally known as aristocratic class, middle class and working class.

He gave the name Barbarians to the aristocratic class. Arnold says that this class have their own liberal practices and anarchical thoughts. The leisure class and the manners and outward great look everything comes to this class, but they don’t have inward greatness.

Arnold gave name Philistines to the middle class people. In a German sense Philistines means uncultured people. These are the people ho always busy in trade and commerce, and these are the one who brought material prosperity in society.

The third is Populace, the working class. They are the helper of the empire builders and they are exploited by both Barbarians and Philistines because of their poverty. Arnold consider them raw and half developed.

Arnold find mistake in three of the classes as according to him no one is perfect. Therefore he is talking about developing a best self, who will lead these three classes towards the perfectness and away from the machinery.

Hebraism and Hellenism

Hebraism and Hellenism, two different way of human life. Both are totally different from each other. Hebraism fall under the idea of Bible. They believe in religion and strictly follow the biblical idea. While on the other hand Hellenism fall under the idea of Hellenic beauty. Hebraism believes in action and Hellenism believes in thinking. Arnold also says that human prefer to act rather then think and he also says that human don’t think right always their thinking is also faulty.

Hebraism, as its strictly follows the bible, it also make people aware about sin and they always try to keep distance from sin. While Hellenism prefer to see things as they are and also find beauty in everything. Hebraism follows the strictness of conscience and Hellenism follows the spontaneity of consciousness.

There is some similarities in both of this term. Hebraism thinks bodily desire as an obstacle to the right action, and, Hellenism thinks bodily desire as an impediment of right thinking. So, both of them thinks body as an obstacle. Both of them have same concluding aim, the perfection and salvation of human.

While Arnold says that these both are important for perfection, so he believes in keeping harmony between of these idea and try to get perfect. As Socrates states that, “ The best man is he who tries to make himself perfect and the happiest man is he who feels that he is perfecting himself.”

Porro Unum Est Necessarium

The title is in Latin which says that, ‘but one thing is necessary’. Arnold says that everything which we posses but above all that things the man’s perfection is necessary. Everyone should have Sweetness and Light. English society is full of liberal ideas and the democracy is very new to English society at that time and because of that Arnold fear the anarchy, and he says that above all that things there should be control upon people as he also describes the harms of doing as one likes.

Like Hebraism and Hellenism there should be mutual understanding and balance. The society have many malice and from all that things one should come to the best of all point. English people have very big industries and wealth and science but One must have a standard and ideal of perfection and happiness.

At last Arnold talks about many problems in society and also try to give solution of that problems.

Conclusion

This is how Arnold tries to justify his views about culture and importance of culture. In this essay he describes very well that how culture is necessary and anarchy is harmful for English culture.

Assignment on The Novelists of The Romantic Age

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Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 2
Roll No.: 7
Paper No.: 5 The Romantic Age
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

The Romantic Age

The Romantic age is partly a reaction of industrialization. The period basically considered as Romantic age is 1798 to 1837. The age started with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth in 1798. This age also know as back to nature because in this age mostly the literature is produced on the theme of Nature and beauty. Basically in this age the development of poetry is at highest peak but other literary forms like novel and essays are also developed in this age. Here we are looking at the Novelists of the age.

Though novel also make marked development in this age mostly the domestic and historical type of novels. The big name among novelists of Romantic age is Scott and Austen. There are many novelists in this age but here I mention some of them.

Novelists of the age

1) Walter Scott
2) Jane Austen
3) Maria Edgeworth
4) John Galt
5) William Harrison Ainsworth
6) Thomas Love Peacock

Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832)

Walter Scott was born in Edinburgh and he was educated at the high school of Edinburgh and university of Edinburgh, where he achieve powerful memory. His father was lawyer. Scott has love affair with some Perthshire lady and he married the daughter of a French exile.

In 1806, he got the valuable post of clerk of session. In 1809, he starts the business with John Ballantyne. Scott’s “Waverley” novels gave him enormous success. In last years of his life, he had a slight paralytic seizure. It passed but it left him with a clouded brain. He refused to desist from novel writing or even slacken the pace. Other illness followed his early lameness becoming more marked. After an ineffectual journey to Italy, he returned to Abbotsford, and died within sound of the river he loved so well.

He also wrote many poems like, ‘The minstrelsy of the scottish border’, ‘The eve of st. John’, ‘The lay of the last minstrel’, ‘Marmion’- this work consider as his masterpiece, ‘Rokeby’ and etc. In 1814 he gave up writing poetry and turned to prose mainly to the novels.

His collection of 45 narratives, he made “Waverley”, which first issued anonymously in 1814. After that he wrote many novels like, ‘Guy Mannering’, ‘The antiquary’, ‘The black dwarf’, ‘Old mortality’, ‘Rob roy’, ‘The heart of midlothian’, ‘A legend of montloso’, ‘The bride of lanmermoor’, and these all novels mostly have scene of Scotland but some of them don’t have the historical Scotland.

As he produced the number of novels, we can find hurridity in his work. Many time it reflects in a work like sometimes it developed very carelessly and finished anyhow, his characters are also developed in hurriedness so sometimes they also finished weakly after they have begun strongly.

He is great contributor to the novel. To the historical novel he brought a knowledge that was not pedantically exact, but manageable, wide and bountiful. To the sum of this knowledge he added a life giving force, a vitalizing energy, an insight and a genial dexterity that made the historical novel entirely new species. Scott often called the prose Shakespeare. He resembles Shakespeare in the free manner in which he ranges high and low, right and left, in his search for material. His villains often melodramatic and hero – heroines wooden and dull. He has much of Shakespeare’s genial, tolerant humor in which he strongly resembles also his great predecessor Fielding.

His style lacks suppleness, but it is powerful, solid, and sure. In his use of the Scottish vernacular he is exceedingly natural and vivacious.

Jane Austen (1775-1817)

Jane Austen was born at Steventon. She educated at home. She is a daughter of Hampshire clergyman. Her father was a man of good taste in the choice of reading material, and Jane’s education was conducted on sound lines. Her first published works were issued anonymously and she died in middle age, before her merits had received anything like adequate recognition.

The chronology of Jane’s novel is not easy to follow, for her works were not published in their order of composition. Her first novel was “Pride and Prejudice” which consider as her masterpiece. Then, ‘Sense and Sensibility’, ‘Northanger Abbey’. In between 1798 and 1811 there was a pause in her writing, but then followed in quick succession. Her other three great novels, ‘Mansfield Park’, ‘Emma’, and ‘Persuasion’.

Her plots skillfully constructed and severely unromantic. Her first work beginning as burlesque of the horrible in fiction, finishes by being an excellent example of her ideal novel. Life in her novels is governed by an easy decorum and moments of fierce, passion or even deep emotion, never occur. Only the highest art can make such plots attractive, and Jane’s does so.

Her characters are developed with minuteness and accuracy. They are ordinary people, but are convincingly alive. Her method of portrayal is based upon acute observation and a quite but incisive irony. Her male characters have a certain softness of thaw and temper, but her female characters are almost unexceptionable in perfection of fiction.

Her place in the history of fiction is remarkable. Her qualities are of a kind that are slow to be recognized, for there is nothing loud or garish to catch the casual glance. The taste for this kind of fiction has to be acquired, but once it is acquired it remains strong. Jane has won her way to a foremost place and she will surely keep it.

Maria Edgeworth (1767-1849)

Maria spent most of her life in Ireland. She wrote numerous books but it is little read in contemporary times, though she is popular during her time. Her works are divided in three class.
1) Shorts story for children
2) Irish tales
3) Full length novels

She wrote, ‘Simple Susan’ and ‘Early Lessons’ for the children. Then in her Irish tales, ‘Ormond’, ‘Castle Rackrent’ and ‘The Absentee’ and in her full length novel we can include, ‘Belinda’, ‘Leonora’ and ‘Patronage’ kind of works.

She always over simplify the life and characters in her works to show the triumph of virtue. Her field is same as Jane Austen and she writes simply.

John Galt (1779-1839)

John was born in Ayrshire, and afterwards he move to Greenock. If we talk about his career, he tried many things like first he was clerk then in London he was worked in bar then for some business he goes abroad and then in Scotland he produced large amount of literary work.

His best novels are, ‘The Ayshire Legatees’ which contains much amusing Scottish narratives, then, ‘The Annals of the Parish’ which considered as his masterpiece. Though he has more value as painter then writer.

William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-82)

He was born at Manchester and son of a solicitor. After some attempt to study law he took to literature as a career, in 1840 he became editor of “Bentley’s Miscellany”. Then in 1853 he acquired the “New Monthly Magazine”.

He is among the early imitator of Scott. He produces great numbers of novel which cover many periods of English history. His first work is ‘Sir John Chiverton’ but he got success with ‘Rookwood’. His other works are, ‘Jack Sheppard’, ‘The tower of London’, ‘Windsore Castle’, etc…

His style of writing is poor and unpolished but when he is in his right vein he can give the reader a vigorous narrative and we can see it in his “Rookwood”.

Thomas Love Peacock (1785-1866)

 He was born at Weymouth and a son of London merchant. He has unsuccessfully tried a number of clerical and business posts before joining the East India Company in 1819. At there he served as chief examiner.

He tried his hand in verse also but he is famous for his novels. He wrote seven novels…
1) Headlong Hall
2) Melincourt
3) Nightmare Abbey
4)  Maid Marian
5)     The Misfortunes of Elphine
6)     Crotchet Castle
7)     Gryll Grange

 His novels consist mainly of discussions phrased in a concise, polished satire, in which characters embodying contemporary ideas dissect themselves with devastating effect. 

Conclusion

 These are the some novelists of the Romantic age who contribute their best to the English literature. There are other minor novelists also. During this period there is one type of novel which is also written and famous during this age is gothic novels, in which the scary tales are written.