Education and Technology

This blog is part of my academic activity. To get more information click here.

1. Why is it necessary to use Technology in Education?

Take a moment and think about your surroundings. Think how you have circled by technology. Today’s world is world of technology. The curiosity and education is the path through which these all technology is travelling. Now if we can live with technology then why we can’t study with it.

Technology has become essential and inseparable part of our life. It is necessary to use technology in education. Technology has given new way to the life, same it will give new vision to the education. The whole world is now on our fingertips, any information we can get in no time. This shows technology is speeding up the world. We should speed our education and knowledge system also. Technology can be great help to the students and to the teachers. It does not have boundaries. It is proven fact that visuals helps to remember information for longer period of time and also in effective way. Not only visuals but with technology students can learn using all their senses, and this will make the knowledge store in mind.

The world is moving towards new things, so does education should. With technology, the competition is no more with only classmates, it is now with the learners around the world. To keep our feet on the ground, we must have new weapons. We can not keep fighting with old ones. Technology is that new weapon which is now necessary in education.

2. What is the difference between 'using' and 'integrating' technology?

The difference between using and integrating technology is, to using technology means to be spectator but to integrate technology is, to be performer. This is very big difference. Everybody knows how to use technology but hardly some of them are integrating technology in their life.

We can take simple example like, mostly people takes their basic information from Wikipedia, they know how to use technology. But only few create their own Wikipedia page to give information to the world. These people have integrated technology. Our teacher used to tell us that, “Now from downloader, be uploader.” When one is only take advantage of technology, they are using it. But when they started giving advantage to others through technology, they are integrating it. This is the difference between using and integrating technology. For now as technology has become part of humans’ life, we should all integrate technology.

3. How can we integrate technology? 

As I have said before when we become uploader from downloader, it means that we have integrated technology. We have talk about using technology in education. When teacher use technology to teach students and also make students use technology to learn something. This can be called integration. For example, writing this blog is also can be the part of integration of technology. Our teacher has taught us something and, then we have asked to reflect our views on blogs. This is the way of integrating technology.

4. Can technology replace teacher? (Read this)

First of all there are two types of teacher. One, who only think giving information is teaching and the second, who gave new ways of thinking. There is no question rises to replace the first type of teachers because they are already has been replaced. With the help of technology students can get more information that that teacher can give. Because without doubt google has more information than one teacher.

But to replace the teacher who provides new way of thinking with the information provided by technology, in my account it can not be replaced. Technology can only give information. It will not give the new way of looking towards that information, or to connect that information with other similar one. Now this is what a teacher in era of technology do. They tell their students to get information on their own and then guide them to use it in many different ways. These teachers can not be replaced by technology.

5. Write in brief on David Crystal's views on 'effect of new technologies on English language', 'biggest challenge for English language teachers in the times of internet', and 'texting is good for English language'.


1) Effect of new technologies on English language

Here David Crystal has talked about the changes in English language after arriving of certain technologies. He has given example of printing, Telephone, broadcasting, and internet. He says that every time with new technology, new language also introduced to suit that technology. He also talked about the text messages and twitter. He refers to the short length of messages and tweet and says that has bring the abbreviation of the words in use. People tend to think that this abbreviation will ruin the English language but he says that it is not so. These abbreviation of is only 10 percent in the text. Other 90 percent remain the standard English or any English which is used by people. So he basically throws the light on how with the arrival of new technology, people also think and write in new way. Technology bring the new aspect of language, or new way of writing language.

2) The biggest challenge for English language teacher in the times of internet

Language teaching is hardest job according to David Crystal. We all will agree on that. He also has given reasons that why it is the hardest job. First he says that because the language which teacher use and the language which students use are different. In the time of internet new words can be reach to the people in no time. Because of this the students will have different vocabulary then the teacher. Now in this time pf internet teacher should also need to keep pace with the changing world. Teachers have to knew the new words same as their students do. They have to keep all the information which is spreading widely around them. This is the challenge which language teacher has to face. Secondly he says that there is variety of English language and its accents. Teacher should teach students to listen the other accents which are not RP. Teacher should make their students ready for the differences. They can not say that this is the only correct pronunciation. This is another challenge or rather say duty of teacher to make their students accept the differences.

3) Texting is good for English language

Here he talks about the benefits which texting is giving to English language. He also talk about the myth of texting that kids use abbreviation in text and because of that they don’t know how to spell correct word. David here says that kids do abbreviation because for them it is cool to do it. Secondly he says that if they are shortening the word in first place they know the full word. Another myth about texting is that kids will use their abbreviation in other writings also and they will fail in the exams. Here David says that he has gone to school and ask to kids that will they use text abbreviation in exams and he says that kids are smarter these days, they say that it will make them look dumb. Then he talk about that how it is good for literacy. The person who can read and write is called literate and it will be perfect only by practice. Here David says that texting is making people literate because they are practicing reading and writing. By all these things he says that texting is good for English language.

6. Name one web-tool which can help in development of all four L-S-R-W skills. If possible explain how it works.

In this digital era there are number of tools which can help in development of all four basic skills, for me it is YouTube. This is the best tool according to me to improve four basic language skills. We can watch the video in any language we want on YouTube. This will improve our listening skill. The more you listen, the more it affects your speech, so it will help to improve speaking skill. If one will decide to upload their own video and for that they have to write their script and also they read from other descriptive videos. This will improve their reading and writing skill. So this is how YouTube will help in development of basic four language skills.

Thank you.

Fiction and Lies

This blog is part of my academic activity. We have asked to share our views on what according to us is fiction and lie. Here is my response.

It is told in sanskrit shloka that, "The world of Poet is greater then the world of Bramha (creator of the world as per Hindu myth)" and many reasons are also given to prove that statment and one reason is that that "The world of Bramha" has rules but "The world of Poet" has no rules there for "The world of Poet" is greater. Here having no rules doesn't mean anything else but a new world which is alternate of the world in which we live and that is called "alternative fact", which is a pure imagination and pretending of something but claiming something which is imagined is lie. 

For example, once a person died it can not be live again and this is fact but in Mary Shelly's " Frankenstein" Victor give life to a dead one which is purely imagination or fiction or we can say this is "alternative fact" but claiming that it is fact that Victor gave life to dead is lie, which any literary writers never does. So it is like "alternative fact" or "alternative world" of literary writers and not lies.

Thank you.

Stop Telling Sharmeens And Adigas to Photoshop Reality - Moni Mohsin

This blog is part of my academic activity. We have asked to share our views on the artical of Moni Mohsin, who is a author. She has shared her views about the mentality of society where people are telling writers to photoshop the reality. She boldly denies it. Here is her words, to read click here.

She is saying that stop telling writers like Sharmeen and Adiga to photoshop real face of society. If society wants them to write good things about themselvse then change the self not the views of writers. Here after reading her artical I am sharing my views.

We can say that hypocracy is in the blood of indians and not only indians but everyone who only wants to show a good picture of everything and try to curtain every bad things which are alive in between them. That is the reason, no matter how much hate the two family has but when they are front of others they are like having a very good relationships, they never show problems.

The response of people is negative on the works which shows some harsh reality of that place may be because that places are colonized and they want to show their colonizer the greatness of thier place though we can not find such greatness. If literary writers or any art form shows the bitter reality it doesn't mean they are anti-national, they have feelings for nation and that's why they are showing that dirty picture of reality to bring some change. This is the work of art to show which is curtained, and if nation have problems with the writings they should change themselves in such a way that no writer can find a picture to write something harsh.

Thank you.

Mario Vargas Llosa and Contemporary Issues

This blog is part of my academic activity. Here we have asked to give our views on contemporary issues. On which Mario Vargas Llosa has also shared his views. To read his views click here.

The word or ideas like liberals, nationalism, populism, greatest challenge to democracy, intellectual honesty, literature and morality, political correctness and freedom all are have many dimension which changes with places and people. Here are my views on this topics.

Liberals are those who think differently then others and there is always resistence front of liberalism and this resisting voice is that much strong that it can suppress the voice of liberals, but the voice of liberals should be respected because the liberals are also part of this society and they just show their freedom of everything which still bind others.

Nationalism as Mario vargos also says that it is racism, to believe that the belongingness of some land or race give you priviledge you started thinking your superiority on others which creates violence. Violence is always harmfull, it doesn't matter that in which form or on what name it is done.

Literature and morality, both are the way different from each other. Literature is at first place only for enjoy though it always have some kind of meaning but it is not neccessory also. If you can't get the meaning but you enjoy it is worth of literature. It is not lecture of saint, it is mainly for pleasure. Morality has its own place in literature, but if it doesn't have it doesn't mean as weak literature.

Thank you.

Mario Vargas Llosa's Interview

This blog is part of my academic activity. We have asked to read Mario Vargas Llosa's interview and share the ideas which we like the most from interview. Here are some ideas from interview which I like the most. To read the interview of Llosa click here.

"I think it is right to denounce abuses against women. These abuses are everywhere, so I have total sympathy for this movement as far as it is for more justice, more democracy, more equality of opportunities for women and men."

"If you respect literature you must accept not only the very idealist, altruist vision of human beings but also the infernal vision of them."

"You cannot attack literature for our vices and prejudices and stupidities. I think this is very important because I am convinced that the feminist movement’s voice should be heard, but I don’t accept this idea of censorship for literature or for culture in general."

"Young people today tend to think that images can form modern creative citizens. They don’t. Images create a passive citizen, more easily domesticated than the citizen formed by ideas. I am certainly convinced that ideas are much more important than images."

"words are acts and that you write things that could make a difference in history or solve problems. Writing was a way to participate in the creation of a different kind of society: freer, more just, more liberal."

"Probably historians are more accurate, but it doesn’t matter. The way literature impregnates the imagination is what matters."

"All writers are autobiographical. In some writers, this is more explicit and obvious, in others more hidden. But I don’t think you invent anything out of nothing. The main point of departure is always the personal memory of actual experience."

Thank you.

Oneness of literature

This blog is part of my acdemic activity. Here we have asked to see oneness in literature, with the comparison of "The Waste  Land" by T. S. Eliot and the short story "Joke" by Anton Chekhov.

Literature is like a river, water of river makes it's own small different ways and flaws in different directions but the root is same. According to Northrop Frye, all literature seems to follow basic archetype. The skeleton is same the body is different. Every new literature has some connection with the old one and with that connection it makes it place in existing building of literature. Every literature has some signs and symbols, sometimes the signs and symbols are same but meanings are different. As every writer has it's own reason to write, to put certain symbols, and to give certain message through symbols. 

Here the lines from "Waste Land" and Anton Chekhov's short story "Joke" has some same symbols like environment, going down on the sled. In "Waste Land" it's about childhood memory the hidden meaning is sexual perversion, but in "Joke" has visible meaning of lust. In"Joke" there is only lust and name was given of love. So both has some similarities. Which also signifies oneness of literature.

Thank you.

"Pahredar piya ki" TV show

This blog is part of my academic activity.

"Pahredar Piya Ki" was a Hindi serial. Which was broadcasted on Sony Tv. In this serial they are showing a woman married to a boy with the purpose of protecting him from his evil family members. The age of girl is 19 years and the age of boy is 9 years. This is what made this show talk of the town. Many believes that this show is regressive and many thinks it is progressive. We have asked to give our views. Here is my opinions about this serial.

I think that "Pehredar Piya Ki" got controversy because they show woman as protecter and woman is older than man character and that is the reason why all wants to ban it because they never accept woman in power position. If the position of woman and man is changed than society don't have any kind of problem then they don't remember child marriage also. Other reason I thought that may be whatever reason is there, I don't think that marriage is the only option if she wants to protect him she can adopt him too. Marry to a 9 year old boy is not a solution. And to compelete my point I want to say that in this world nothing is perfect, everyone has some kind of problem with everything you can not make happy every people but it doesn't mean you start baning the things if it is so then one day may be everything is ban you have free choice if you like it watch it, if you don't then don't watch it.

Thank you.

Post Truth

This blog is part of my academic activity. For more information click here.

"Post Truth" has choosen as the word of the year in 2016 by Oxford Dictionary. According to Oxford dictionary Post Truth means, " relating to or denoting circumstancee in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief."

We have asked to write our understanding of Post Truth. As per my understanding post-truth is simply means remaking of truth. It is something that powerfull people make for their comfort zone and, its presentation is so powerfull that society starts believing it as truth. It has very strong effect that people don't feel need to question it. Post-truth mainly can be found in politics or in name of religion or nation, where they atteck on people's emotion and make them emotional fool.

If we take example of movie "PK", the Baba defines pk's remote control as the broken stone of lord shiva's weapon just for publicity and money. He plays with people's faith. Same thing heppens in movie "Oh My God", when Paresh Raval is in comma, all saints making viral the roumor that Paresh Raval is god's Avatar. Only for making money and these all things heppen in name of god, that is the reason people don't question it and starts believing it blindly.

While in play "Othello" by Shakespeare, Othello kills Desdemona because Iago constatntly attck on Othello's mind that Desdemona have affair with Casio on the contarary Othello knows very well that Desdemona and Casio are best friends even he forget that Casio is the one who delivers their messages. Othello never have doubt on Desdemona untill Iago plant a seed in his brain and make some post-truth and make Othello believes that Desdemona cheating on him and he kills her wife and Iago does all these things for his personal revenge.

If we give comman man two choise either he live and make country proud or he commit suicide or kill other innocent people for country or religion, a comman man normally choose the first one but terrorists are ready to die and kill other people in the name of religion or country. They missuse people's feeling for nation or religion and make any person ready to commit suicide, they constantly hammaring on brain or repetation of some words which make people stop thinking logically and they become ready to kill innocent people and commit suicide.


Thank you.

Presentation on Grammar Translation Method and Translation in Art

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Grammar Translation Method and Translations in Art from Dharaba Rayjada

Presentation on Old man as Failure

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Old man as Failure from Dharaba Rayjada

Presentation on Fanon's "Black skin White Masks" and Shakespeare's "Othello"

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Fanon's "Black skin White masks" and Shakespeare's "Othello" from Dharaba Rayjada

Presentation on Blindman's Buff with Reality

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Blindman's Buff with Reality from Dharaba Rayjada

Assignment on Edgar Allan Poe’s Style and Structure in his Short Stories

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Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 3
Roll No.: 8
Paper No.: 10 – The American Literature
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English, Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

Introduction

Edgar Allan Poe, was born on 19th January, 1809 in U.S. and died on 7th October, 1849,  Maryland. He was American short-story writer, poet, critic, and editor who is famous for his stories of mystery and the macabre. His tale “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” (1841) initiated the modern detective story, and the atmosphere in his tales of horror is unrivaled in American fiction. His life is more like a nightmare which no one may wants to live. His father left them and his mother died early in his childhood and as life goes on he goes on loosing all his family members and at last when his wife dies he was left alone in this world. After all these bizarre conditions of life he was dived in the ocean of alcohol and gambling. No one is ready to give him job. He has excelled academically despite his problems of attendance and gambling. Many scholar call him an ‘architect’ of modern short stories. He is the first writer who has lived only on his writings. Here we are looking at his style and structure of writing short stories.

Here I have five stories of Poe through which I am analyzing his style and structure of writing short stories. Three stories are horror stories, which are, “The Tell Tale Heart”, “The Cask of Amontillado”, and “The Fall of The House of Usher”. Other two stories are detective and treasure hunt, “The Purloined Letter” and “The Gold Bug”. Lets very briefly see the summary of all stories.

“The Tell Tale Heart”

It is horrific story of an old man who has vulture eye and his servant has problem with that vulture eye. The servant has planned to kill old man because of his eyes. He killed old man without mercy and cut his body and burry it. He got suspected and policeman came for investigation and he also has make policeman believed in his words but he is constantly hearing the beating of the heart of an old man which makes him uncomfortable and he vehemently admits his crime.

“The Cask of Amontillado”

The story is of a person who is get insulted by his friend and now he wants to avenged. Fortunato is professionally a wine taster and Montresor, who wants to kill Fortunato and he intrigued Fortunato to come to taste rare brand Amontillado. Get him drunk all the way and chained him and walled him alive. We only here a voice for mercy but he is left to die there.

“The Fall of The House of Usher”

The story is of narrator who was called to his friends house because his friend was suffering from some mental disease. Though when narrator arrives at the house of Usher he feel negative there. Usher is living there with his sister and he also believed in superstitions and he feels that they have buried her alive and she is coming towards them. 

“The Gold Bug”

It is a story of William Legrand who was stung by a gold-colored bug. His servant, Jupiter, doubts that Legrand is probably turning insane and seeks help of Legrand’s friend, an unnamed narrator. He consents to come to his old friend’s home. Legrand pulls the other two into a thrilling enterprise after decoding a secret message that will lead to a buried treasure. With the theme of cryptography, the story is a forerunner of the genre which is now known as detective fiction.


“The Purloined Letter”

The police prefect approaches detective Dupin with a puzzle: a cabinet minister has stolen a letter from a woman of royalty whom he is now blackmailing. Despite a harsh search of the minister’s rooms, the police find nothing. When the prefect returns a month later and mentions a large reward for the letter, Dupin casually produces the document. Dupin later explains to his assistant, the story’s narrator, that by analyzing the personality and behavior of the minister, he correctly had concluded that the letter would be hidden in plain sight.

Style and Structure

Poe has not written only gothic stories. His writings also include detective stories. He was first to initiate the genre of detective stories. Though he has only written five detective stories but those stories has given new way of creating stories. Here we are looking towards his style and structure of crafting short stories.

Formation

Poe as a writer is very accurate with his writing. He does not write in flow. He writes with plan. From the very beginning he has every thing in mind including the feelings which he wants to make readers feel. According to his formation he will choose the perfect word for perfect feelings. It is said for Poe that in his writing he never include any unnecessary word. Every single word in Poe’s story is important. For example in his short story “The Fall of the House of Usher” in the beginning we have the reflection of house in water and in reflection it looks up side down. This description at that time feels useless but at the end Poe has connected it very well with the destruction of house. So we can see that in his narration he plan every thing and never include any useless thing.

Theme

The theme of Poe’s story are mysterious and horrific. Poe as a writer has choose to show the humanity their darker side. His horror stories are very effectively described the devil inside the human beings. It is very common that at some point of time on someone any person would have feel like killing, but have not done that act. Poe show us the result that what it would be like if we act upon those feelings. Every single word of Gothic story lead towards more fear. While in detective stories it is the mystery which plays with the mind of readers. Some times it makes readers feel like fool. Because mysteries are so simple and it also ends with simple result. For example in “The Purloined Letter”, Poe has make us believe that letter is somewhere, where it is hard to find but in between it is said also that it is so simple to find and when we come to know that letter was front of our eyes, the smile came on our face which shows that how fool we are that we can’t think this simple. While on the other hand his another story “The Gold Bug” reader has constant conflicts and questions that what is going on. What this calculations are and how it will be solved and if the treasure will be hunt or not. So in this story the mystery is very difficult to solve. This is how Poe chooses his theme and make it alive through his writings.



 Settings

The setting of the story plays vital role in giving the overall feeling of the story. Poe has choose his settings very carefully. In his Gothic stories the half of the feeling of fear and the atmosphere of terror is created from the setting only. He also has used light and dark very effectively and death is one of his element in horror stories. For example in his short story “The Tell Tale Heart” he shows that how only one ray of light is passed through door and fall on the eye of an old man. In another story like “The Fall of The House of Usher” where Poe has used darkness. The whole house of Usher is dark and how Usher himself also frightened from light. In the story like “The Cask of Amontillado” the setting is dark and under ground where bones are lying. Poe’s description of places have pictorial quality which make the feeling stronger.

Plot

The plot of the Poe’s story grows gradually. Mostly it has first person narration and the narrator is unnamed in most of the stories. Some narrators are unreliable as one in “The Tell Tale Heart” who in the beginning says that he is not mad but as story moves on we can see his madness. In Poe’s story I don’t feel downs. From the very first sentence story start raising and it leads readers to the height of particular feeling and then it ends at height only. It ends with that extreme feeling which reader has got from reading and left reader to be in that bizarre feeling for some period of time. The plot will not have any interruption or misleads from the main event. It will only focus on the decided feeling which writer wants to give to the readers. It has that ability to clutch the reader. Once any one who has started reading the story will be eager to complete it and if they have to drop it, it will make them uncomfortable. After completing the story also the effect of those words and imagery will not leave readers’ mind easily.

Characters

Poe’s story includes three to five characters. In Gothic stories the protagonists are suffering from over acuteness of senses. They just can’t control their mind. While on the other hand the protagonists of detective stories are so cleaver. All stories does not have ghosts and witches. The effect of horror is generated from a human being only. Poe’s stories are not of some kings or queens it is all about the common man. “The Tell Tale Heart” has servant as protagonist, in “The Cask of Amontillado” two friends are characters same is in “The Fall of The House of Usher”. In detective stories also characters are common human beings like police and politicians. The characters of detective stories are so clever and of gothic stories are abnormal. Those characters are suffering from some mental disease.  The disease are so strong that they can even kill some one. The protagonist of the stories are developed in such a way that writer does not give any chances to readers to sympathize with that characters. For example in the story “The Cask of Amontillado” Montresor wants to kill Fortunato and he gave reason that he insults him but through out the whole story there is not a single sentence of insult. So like this Poe don’t wants reader to feel sympathy towards the protagonists. So Poe creates very strong characters in his stories. The protagonists are villain, because they have killed some one. Those villains are smile damned villains. Who don’t let their prey realize that they are going to die. To create this type of characters are challenging. Poe has also make characters like Mr. Dupin famous by his detective short stories. By looking at these things we can say Poe has a great skill of character developing.

Sentences

Poe has used very simple sentence structure. His language is also mostly simple but most of his sentences are long. He uses too many expressions and to describe it he use punctuations and make sentence longer. With those sentences he creates the perfect effect. He choose perfect word for perfect feeling. His villain protagonists are using words like deed, accomplishment, task for the murder. Poe has also used the word mental disease for his abnormal characters but the fact is at that time the mental disease are not found, so the vocabulary and knowledge is far more than his age in which he is living.

Punctuations

Poe is very liberal in using punctuations. For longer expression he will not hesitate to use lots of commas. Comma, inverted comma, colons, question marks, exclamatory marks, semi colons, dash, full stops, he will use every punctuation which make his writing effective. Let’s see one example from his stories.

“True! --nervous --very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses --not destroyed --not dulled them.” (The Tell Tale Heart)

This is only the first sentence of “The Tell Tale Heart” and we can see how many punctuations he has used.

Repetition of words and actions

To create a certain effect Poe repetitively use the same word or the same action. Though too much of repetition make things boring but he uses synonyms for the words and he does not describe repetition of action but told us the time for which it is repeating. For example in “The Tell Tale Heart” the action of peeping through the door is continued for seven days, the noise of heart is constant and the word ‘louder’ was also has been repeated for many times. In “The Purloined Letter” the act of searching letter by police was repeatedly goes on for three months. So this is how Poe use repetition for creating the particular feeling.

Conclusion

Poe has been born in Romantic period but his writings are different from those of Romantics. Though he also has written romantic poems but his prose writings does not follow Romantic traditions. In the whole different era creating own style of writing and also get success in it, is really showing the struggle through which writer must be gone through. Though we can see in his life that he has suffered a lot emotionally and financially also, so the type of terror he creates through his stories is shows his struggle in real life. Death has played very horrible role in Poe’s life and that’s why his story also includes deaths. But despite all these things we can see the effort which writer has put before and after writing the stories. We can see the result of his hard work and his hard work has given him sweet fruits also. By analyzing his style and structure of his short stories we can definitely say that he has great craftsmanship. 

Resources

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edgar-Allan-Poe
https://jaynmehta.blogspot.com/2018/09/passion-perversity-and-poe-introduction.html?m=1
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-edgar-allan-poes-stylistc-elements-221183
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-structure-in-writing-and-how-does-it-affect-meaning.html
https://flynngray-wordpress-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/flynngray.wordpress.com/2015/11/23/edgar-allan-poe-short-story-structure-and-narrative-technique/amp/?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQECAFYAQ%3D%3D#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fflynngray.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F11%2F23%2Fedgar-allan-poe-short-story-structure-and-narrative-technique%2F

Thank you.