Friday 31 August 2018

"Tatvamasi" - Dhruv Bhatt (Book Review)

“Tatvamasi” – you are everything. How difficult it is to tell someone this words and actually mean it. We mostly believe in “Aham Brahmasmi” – I am Bramh or I am everything. But the novel of Dhruv Bhatt have the title “Tatvamasi” and the novel can actually make us feel the same. Dhruv Bhatt is Gujarati novelist and poet. He wrote “Tatvamasi” in 1998, which won the "Sahitya Akademi Award" and it is considered as one of his notable works.


This is the first novel of Dhruv Bhatt, I’ve read. The narrator is reading the diary of one student who has come from foreign to the India, to the village near Narmada river to study the tribal people and also to develop and use their human power in different and productive way, but he ended living with those tribal people forever. Dhruv Bhatt has used very refined Gujarati language but he also shows the colloquial language of tribal people. He has great ability to portray nature very elegantly. He can capture very tiny details about everything and emotions in words, then even he also feels sometimes that language has its own limitations. It is written in the novel that for some emotions he can not find appropriate word and some emotions can not be captured by words.

We can see how paradoxically he has captured everything in words. He has something to say about everything like for water, for earth, for human, for animals, for sun, for moon, for day, for night, for happiness, for sadness, for fear, for delight, for village, for city, for rain, for fire, for deity, for witch, for birds and for sky and the starts also. Every single character (here I use ‘character’ because non – living things also has tongue) in his novel has some role to play. He is very good observer of nature.

The novel describes the hard life of tribal people but even after this hardship of life they are happy and satisfy in between nature. They don’t have any special facilities to live life then even our protagonist choose to live with them. In the very beginning we find that our protagonist has very rational thinking but as story moves we come to know that, that rational thinking is not natural but a mask which he wants to wear and with all his mind he wants to keep this mask but his heart not allowing him to do such things. We can find reason of this in novel it self that he brought up in a atmosphere where emotions are more important than anything else but as he moves to the foreign where he is not able to find such people he also tries to be like them but as soon as he get back to the surroundings of emotions he again get his original self and stick with it.

On the other hand we have character of Lucy, she is foreigner and we can see in her that she has rationality in her blood. She has ability to make other people believe her and very gracefully she mixed with all new fellows and also can take out information which she want from people’s mouth. Wherever she goes she her self becomes one of like them, enjoy every culture and their life style but as soon as time comes she becomes the one she is. She don’t regret on leaving places she do every thing for increasing her knowledge only.

Among all these things the nature and the tribal people are at the center. We can see how minutely Dhruv Bhatt has described the honesty and innocence of tribal people. Every word full with feelings, and some are also able to make your eyes wet. He also shows how their life style and culture is connected with their surroundings. They are living in forest that’s why they also consider Narmada river and teak tree as their god and deity. Here Dhruv Bhatt also describe that though they believe in religious identity but they consider their duty as their religion which they will fulfill by heart and at any coast. These people has some blind faith also and for that they can be ready to kill people also. Dhruv Bhatt very gracefully shows the pure heart of the forest fellows. With beautiful heart they have also get powerful brain. They make their weapons and home by them selves. They also have some skills related their surrounding nature and about stars. These all knowledge they get by observing the nature and from ages their forefathers have given all these knowledge.

All together the pictorial quality of Dhruv Bhatt has played vital role to take this novel at height. I also have some questions, like how can a narrator knows the things from the lost pages of dairy?, why Supriya’s mother Vinita becomes “Kalewali Maa”?, what happens to Puriya afterwards?, these all are the question which I have after complete the book. This novel is we can say is escapist novel, though the places of which this novel is talking about are not fantasy but in a way this novel shows the whole new world. Far away from city’s busy and polluted life style, and the novel takes us to the world of hardship and peace, miseries and satisfaction, and also horrifying but healing, in short it draws us to heaven on the earth. At last the novel justifies the title, for the people living over there, nature is "Tatvamasi" for them.

The Gujarati film also made from this book. Movie has some changes which also became the talk of the town when it was released. Here I'm putting trailer of the movie "Reva".



Monday 27 August 2018

Interaction with Dr. Javed Khan Sir

Department of English, MKBU has organized guest lectures for students. We have two guest from Sardar Patel University. Dr. R.K Mandaliya and Dr. Javed Hussain Khan. Both are excellent in their subjects. Mandaliya sir has come to teach metaphysical poetry to semester 1 students. Javed sir has come to teach ELT to semester 3 students. Here I use word “to teach” but on his very first class he said, “I’m not here to delivering a lectures, I’m here to interact with you.” So the full session with him is full on liveliness.



Interactions In class

In his very first interaction on ELT (English Language Teaching), he talk about to know the difference of teaching English as native language and English as a foreign language. Both should have different needs and different ways to learn and teach. Then he talked about ELT for primary education and English for higher education. How the level of students differ at every level and how we still have methods of primary education level in syllabus to learn.

 Then as a core topics sir discussed English for specific purpose, English for academic purpose and English for literary purpose. He talked about how English for specific purpose has different fields and every field has it’s own different language. Then in English for academic purpose he discussed essay by Liz-Hamp Lyons, major points of EAP (English for Academic Purpose) 1) Eclectic discipline and 2) Pragmatic discipline. Then how needs assessment is necessary in EAP and he also talks about his dissatisfaction with Liz-Hamp and her essay. Then he talked about English for literary purpose which includes the language of poetry, drama and novel.



Teaching style and our experience

As sir interact with us and for effective interactions communication skills are needed and sir has got the command over these communication skills. His teaching style has his personal touch, while talking about different things he connect his experience and made interactions lively. On the very first day he has given the word “SEEK”. He says one should seek knowledge, and have to work by the skin of their teeth, then and then they can achieve what they want. His presentations are full of information and he deliver this information by using his excellent speaking skills.

These two days learning experience was good and it will definitely going to help us in exams and also as teacher in future. As he gave one advice that “if you choose to be teacher be a good teacher, excel in your subject otherwise many students are going to study under your hand and if you are not good in your subject you are going to spoil the future of students which is sin.” So we are very thankful to Javed sir to share with us his knowledge and also to our Head of the Department Dr. Dilip Barad to invite such experts in our department.



Thank you.


Thursday 23 August 2018

Vocabulary Drill

"Lagaan" - Movie Review


On the independence day of India, 15th August 2018 after flag-hoisting at university ground we have planned to watch “Lagaan – once upon a time in India” movie at our department. This movie was released in 2001. It is a sports-drama film, directed by Ashutosh Gowariker, produced by Aamir Khan and Mansoor Khan, written by Gowariker and Abbas Tyrewala. The setting of movie is British India. Patriotism is in the core of movie. The film has some hidden messages also. Here I’m interpreting film as per my understanding.

1) Patriotism

The main theme of this movie is patriotism. The setting is India under British rule, so the passion for “our land” will be there. In this movie farmers have to pay yearly lagaan (tax) to the king and king to the British rule, but from last two years they are suffering from draught and the arrogant British captain Russell has doubled the tax because king has denied to eat meat. After that captain Russell challenged the people of village to beat them in cricket match and three years tax will be erased. Now they all are doing hard work to beat British team. This shows their passion for their land and their rights. Ram Singh, Lakha, and Arjan who are working for British people they also left their work and shows their passion for freedom from tax.

2) Love Triangle

At very shallow level if we look this film is also same like other Bollywood film which has love theme as importantly as other main theme. Here in this film also Gauri who is living in village who loves Bhuvan. Both are living in same village. Bhuvan also loves Gauri. One other person  who also lives in same village Lakha loves Gauri. Elizabeth, sister of Russell also fall in love with Bhuvan. So we can find heartbroken Elizabeth and jealous Lakha.

3) Religion

Religion is also in the center of the movie. The temple of Lord Krishna is situated at height, which signifies their faith and place of religion. Before starting any work they pray to god for their victory. The king also staunchly believes in religion and because of that he denies to eat meat to captain Russell. Villagers are suffering from draught for last two years then they believe that if they will pray to god, god will send rain. When Bhuvan accepts the challenge of cricket match no villager was ready to play but when first time Bhuvan hits the ball and ball hits the bell of temple than they found this as omen. In between the movie whenever they find themselves in difficult situation they all gather and pray to god. By doing all these things film maker wants to show the power of religion and prayer.

4) Archetypes

This movie is same like other movies also follows some archetypes. The first archetype is “Draught”. When movie starts, the scene of draught comes which signifies sorrow and hopelessness in life of villagers.

Then “Temple” is another archetype in this movie. Temple is symbol of goodness, positivity, hope and happiness. Which we can see in movie that whenever villagers are in temple they are happy or they have hope of something positive and good.

Third is “Rain”. Rain is symbol of happiness. In this movie also when villagers see the dark clouds they start celebrating. At the end also when they won the match rain comes and again everyone are happy.

Then “Hero” or “Central character” is also an archetype here. As Hero will be savior same happens here. Bhuvan is central character in this movie, so he saved all villagers from three years tax, at last moment he also make team won the match. He is the one who is first to solve every problem.

5) Leadership

Bhuvan has got great leadership qualities. He is the first one to accept the challenge when other people are seeing this as harmful he is seeing this challenge as an opportunity. At beginning no one is with him but he knows how to built the team. He also knows everyone’s ability and he use that abilities effectively. Only building team will not going to help he also make all team members work together and for whole team and not for an individual. When it comes to team he don’t think about other things he include untouchable in his team when other members are denying to play with untouchable, and he also make them all to understand. He takes action when it is necessary, he hit six at the last ball of the match and make his team win the match. These all are great leadership qualities which Bhuvan describes.

6) Difference between Elizabeth and Gauri

Both are women but vast difference in both of them. Gauri is living in village while Elizabeth comes from the England. Both loves Bhuvan but as soon as Elizabeth comes to know that Bhuvan loves Gauri she sacrifice her love for Gauri. They both are different fro each other in thinking. Gauri is very submissive girl, she follows the order of her father. While Elizabeth is free woman. She is doing what she think is right and she didn’t live under the order of her brother. Gauri is only busy in cooking while Elizabeth has great knowledge of cricket and she also knows how to play it.

7) Difference between Lakha and Elizabeth

Lakha and Elizabeth both has cheated their owns but both have very vast difference of intentions. Lakha is cheated his fellow villagers only because he can’t get love of Gauri and Gauri loves Bhuvan so he wants to take revenge from Bhuvan. Because of his this revenge motive he put all villagers lives at stake. On the other hand Elizabeth goes against her brother’s wish and teach villagers how to play cricket because she feels that her brother has done unfair to the villager and that is why she wants to help villagers. Intensions of both make their character likable or dislikable.

8) Subalterns

Here we can apply subaltern theory and we also can find hierarchy here. In this movie India is under control of British rule so first subaltern is India, and at first place come king. Here king is also under the control of British rule and he can’t do anything against them. Then under the king comes villagers. They are helpless front of king, they have to obey the decision of king. Then comes the women of village, as they are controlled by male. They live life like do what is said to do. At last comes untouchables. They meant to live away from all other villagers. In this movie we have one character named Kachara, who is untouchable. He is so afraid of other people he constantly under fear of not touching anyone and not to make any mistake.

9) Post-colonialism

The only thing represents post-colonialism in this movie is game of cricket. We accepts to play cricket because we want freedom from tax but now in free India why this game is more famous than any other game. It clearly shows that how still British people ruling our mind. This is the reason why cricket is more played and watched than our national game.

10) Metaphor of “King” is broken

When we call someone “king” we mean almighty. All powers are in the hand of king but in this movie king is shows as handicapped. He is not able to rescue his people fro double tax. When cricket match is going on he is very happy with the performance of villager’s team he want to give his pearl necklace to villagers but he is not able to as he is under British rule. For king his people is everything. To solve their problem should be the first priority of king but when villagers came to meet king to urge for removing the tax but the cricket match of British people are going on so he has to make wait villagers till the game ends. So in this movie king only has name of king.

11) British respects talent

We can see the fairness in decision of British people. Though captain Russell put very unfair challenge front of villagers but he called very honest umpire to take decisions of match. When both team are playing the match, the British people admires both team’s talent. They are in favor of talent not only their team. When at last ball Bhuvan hit the six all British officers stand up and clap for him which clearly shows their respect and admiration for talent.

These are some points which I found in movie. To see all these things one has to read the meaning between the lines. Otherwise this film has ability to catch audience just by it’s shallow look and it has done this also as this film has got attention of  mass in India and overseas also.

Thank you.

Tuesday 21 August 2018

How a Teachers and Students Should Be?


In remedial classes as well as ELT classes we have got task to write our opinion on how a teacher should be? and how a student should be? So here is my opinion about the given questions. I am a student so first I would like to give opinion about how a student should be?

How a Student Should Be?

A student or learner is not one if they are not eager to learn something. Learning is essential part of the life of students. They should be always ready to learn new things. As if students will not show interest in learning teacher will not be able to taught.

Next quality which student should have to be regular in study and also be attentive in class. Students should not bunk their classes often. They also should be attentive in class as only physical presence will not going to help them in learning.

Students should be responsive in class. Only teacher talk will not going to help. In learning there should be two way communications. Students should answer the questions raised by teachers or they should share their opinion on particular topic.

Students also should have questioning attitude. I they really want to know more or learn more they should have to ask questions. This will help them to understand deeply.
The works which are given by teacher, students should do that on time and with utmost sincerity, because if teacher has given some work it has some meaning they will don’t do it just for fun. So take it seriously.

Students should always try to improve their performance. The competition among class is natural but it should not turned in to ego. Competition with own self will help them to improve their own performance and reach higher goals.



Teacher will come to taught you but it doesn’t mean students can’t do anything by themselves. They should also be self-learner and not always dependent on teachers. The habit of self learning and not be dependent on someone else will help them not only in studies but also in the world outside of the class and in the world of competition.

How a Teacher Should Be?

A teacher can create genius also and stupid also. It is in the hand of teacher. So a teacher should be excelled in the subject they choose because the future of students will be on hands of teachers. If they don’t have enough knowledge of their subject what will they taught to their students.



Teachers should have effective voice and tone. They should audible to each and every student in class. They also should have quality to present themselves effectively. If their presentation of topic is good students will like to learn boring topics also. They also should have effective communication skills as they are going to teach orally and if they don’t have good communication skills they will not able to convey their message to students.

Teachers should be student friendly. If they want that every student should be afraid of them, then this will not going to help them fulfilling the role of teacher. Because the relation between teacher and students should be open enough that both can communicate with each other without any fear. Teachers are there to give knowledge to students and their style of teaching is not comfortable to students they should have that flexibility to change it.
Teachers should have to give freedom to the students to share their views or ask questions. Teachers should give satisfactory answers to the students. Teachers also should ask questions to students to check their progress and it should happen often, by doing this they come to know about the knowledge which students has achieved and also come to know about weak students and then work more on them.

The teacher should not be judgmental. First they should observe their students and have to work accordingly to the need. For teacher every students should be equal. Teacher should not discriminate among students.

Teachers are one of the important part of students life but they will not going to be with their students whole life. So teachers should not make their students dependent. Teacher should make their students to learn on their own.

Thank you.

Monday 20 August 2018

The Lifelong Teacher


I am Vritika, 25 years old. Today is great day of my life. Today I have selected for the role of lead heroine in the upcoming film. This reminds me lots of fond memories but one incident which turned my life upside down. This happen exactly before one year 2nd December 2017. I am having dinner with my mama, papa and bhai. As at that time I was 24 they want me now to get married but in my mind I have different plan for my future. I always wanted to be an actress. In my school and collage everybody calls me “Drama queen”, because I never miss chance to act. But at that freezing night papa was so angry, he think my dream is foolish I should have leave it. That whole night I can’t sleep. I was thinking that my dream is not foolish, I want to achieve it and I will. I have one friend in Mumbai. She always supports me and always told me that, “my house is your house, you can come here and stay for whatever time you want.” Next day early in the morning when everyone is still sleeping, I’ve packed my bags and take money which I’ve saved and earned by my dream work. I didn’t leave any message for my family, I thought they will understand. I’ve took train to Mumbai and on next morning I’ve reached and found the house of Asha, my friend. Her parents doesn’t seem happy by my presence and on next day Asha told me to leave her home and go back to my home. She simply says, “I can’t help you, please leave.”  I was wandering on road with my bags, where I have seen some people are performing street play. I have introduced my passion for acting and they involve me in their group and help me find out room on rent. They are not performing only street plays but they are also performing plays in theaters. Our group of actors earn well by all shows and street plays. Today I’ve returned home after signing my first film. When the film will release my papa, mama and bhai will understand my dream. They have never tried to get me back at home, may be they also know that one day I’ll achieve what I want. I used to think Asha as selfish because she didn’t help me when I need, but today my heart has positive vibes for her. We always need people like Asha in our life. Our mistakes are teachers which can not be compared with anyone or anything. I’ve never meet her after leaving her house, but now if we will meet anywhere anytime, with the big smile on my face I just want to tell her,
Thank you…



Sunday 19 August 2018

"Design" by Robert Frost


While studying the poem “Design” by Robert Frost our teacher gave us classroom activity to draw a sketch of nature. Anything about nature, whatever we want. All students have drawn their imagination. As I’m not that much good at drawing but I tried to draw a sea, as water, sea and ocean always fascinates me. Here is my drawing of sea.



It is not exactly like sea but I’ve drawn sea only. I know its funny. Well that round in drawing, it is symbol of my dream. I’ve drawn it at bottom because it is trying to float. It doesn’t know how to swim.

Then we have one other task to read “Design” poem and draw something which can show what poem is saying. Design, an Italian sonnet by Robert Frost was published in 'A Further Range' in 1936. Here is my drawing of poem.



"Design" by Robert Frost


I found a dimpled spider, fat and white,
On a white heal-all, holding up a moth
Like a white piece of rigid satin cloth--
Assorted characters of death and blight
Mixed ready to begin the morning right,
Like the ingredients of a witches' broth--
A snow-drop spider, a flower like a froth,
And dead wings carried like a paper kite.

What had that flower to do with being white,
The wayside blue and innocent heal-all?
What brought the kindred spider to that height,
Then steered the white moth thither in the night?
What but design of darkness to appall?--
If design govern in a thing so small.



My Interpretation of Poem

Poet here choses the white color to justify the title of the poem and to show particular design of nature or of god. To find white spider is rare and to heal-all plants are normally blue but here they are also white and also the moth is white. The whole scene is also looking like white silky cloth. The day is also going to begun. The white color is symbolized is purity, beauty and goodness while day time or morning time also symbolized as life and also hope. But here in this poem the moth died when sun is rising and the white spider doesn’t look pure or good or beautiful. Here poet broke the myth of morning and white color, or may be poet wants to change the perspective and wants to show death is hope of beginning of new life and also wants to beautify death.

While in next stanza poet asks some questions like what that heal-all flowers have to do with being white because they are normally blue, then what spider is doing at that height. Simply he wants say that if design of god or nature is governed in so small things like this then how terrifying the design of darkness will be?

Here may be Frost wants to tell us that whatever is happening in our life is designed by goodness or darkness. If something terrifying is happening to our life it may be can the design of darkness and if something good happens to us it may can be the design of goodness.

Thank you.

Friday 3 August 2018

Program At Shamaldas college



On the day of 23rd july 2018, we some student of English department, MKBU went to attend “Shri Jayantilal Pathak Smrutidin” at Shamaldas collage, Bhavnagar. At every Thursday there is program of “Gadhya Sabha” where some writers or some who are interested in Gujarati Literature meet there and new written Literature will be read there. Jayantilal Pathak was regular member of “Gadhya Sabha” and in memory of him there is also talk on “Train”. As he worked in Railway and have many beautiful memories with train.

Our sir, Dr. Dilip Barad is invited for talk on the novel by Khushvant singh “Train to Pakistan” and Dilip sir very aptly prove that how every event of novel is connected with train. He also says that as English is become link language of world, same way train also become link of country. He also connected train and Indian society and very well explained that as train has first class, second class and third class, same way our society also have upper class, middle class and poor class. In train all are travelling in same train everyone’s destination is also same but how they differs as one is traveling with A.C on and others are traveling by standing they don’t have seat also. He also talks about the novel and important role of train in the novel.

There is also book released of four books by two different writers. “Try English” and “લે, તુ પણ જો ને” both by Harish Mahuvakar and “Once Again” and “કિરદાર” by Ajay Oza. Book released by the guests and family members of writers. After that the professor of Gujarati department Dr. Vipul Purohit talked about the Guajarati collection of essay by Harish Mahuvakar and told us about some of his favorite essays from the book. The essays are mostly on travelling which writer does sometimes alone sometimes with his family, and the adventures which he does.

Then the famous writer Jayantilal Ratilal Gohel also known as “My Dear Jayu” he talked about the book by Ajay Oza “Once Again”. He is very well known in Gujarati Literature. He wrote short stories and novels. But I find him very narrow minded because when at the end of the program we all student of English department went to meet him and click a photo with him but the first question he asked is “Are you from English department or Gujarati department?” we told him we are from English department then he suddenly says, “What you all have to do with me.” Why this type of behavior with us just because we are studying different language. By his this behavior he proved the words of Dilip sir, he always says that, “Love what is written not the person who has written”



Remedial Class Task - Report Writing

This blog is based on task given by my teacher in remedial classes. She told me to write report on any event so I wrote report on ICT workshop which recently take placed in our department.                                                                                                                                          1st August 2018


ICT Workshop In Arts Department


The Department of English, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University has organized an ICT workshop for the students and teachers of all other departments of university. This workshop was organized on 30th July 2018, Monday. Though department of English is arts department but it is known for it’s gigantic use of digital tools. All the students and teachers from MBA, Chemistry, Commerce, English, History, Life Science, Marine Science, Physics, Psychology, Sociology, Gujarati and MJC College was present. From 9 o’clock in the morning the workshop was started. It has been started with university song and prayer. The topics like eGroup, Gplus, Google Classroom, Mooc Swayam, eD.x, Coursera, National Academic Depository (NAD), National Digital Library of India, PPT, Blog, Drive, Digilocker, Citation and Urkund – The originality checker, etc was discussed and presented by the students of English department. The workshop ended on 6 o’clock in the evening. The head of the department of English Dr. Dilip Barad was presented through out the whole day. At the end the feedback form was also given and it has got very positive feedback from all. It was also suggested by attenders to plan this type of workshop every year. The department of English also gave Digital certificate to all presenters and attenders. At the end of the day all presenters and volunteers had group photo and workshop was ended successfully.


Place
Department of English, MKBU.
Bhavnagar.

Thursday 2 August 2018

Reading of Modern Poems


Here I’m trying to read modern poems and try to give my interpretation of the poems. This is task related to my study and here is the link of that task… http://dilipbarad.blogspot.com/2016/06/modernist-poems-activity-identify_25.html?m=1

While reading this modern poems it takes too much thinking and sometimes we can not get the core meaning of the poems. This poems are very short but meanings are difficult to get. Though I tried here to get some meaning of poems.



1) “The Embankment” by T.E Hulme

(The fantasia of a fallen gentleman on a cold, bitter night)
Once, in finesse of fiddles found I ecstasy,
In a flash of gold heels on the hard pavement.
Now see I
That warmth’s the very stuff of poesy.
Oh, God, make small
The old star-eaten blanket of the sky,
That I may fold it round me and in comfort lie.

T.E Hulme was an influential poet and thinker in the first years of twentieth century. He was an aesthetic philosopher and “father of Imagism”. The starting line of poem says it is fantasy of fallen gentleman on a cold, bitter night. Normally in west the nights of winters are terrible with freezing cold. The gentleman is fallen and he himself admits that once he enjoyed the life but now he has to face hard life of poor people. People who don’t have basic needs like food, cloths, shelter. So the old man asking God to have some mercy and make blanket of sky which he can wrap and can have warmth in cold. The stars are not beautiful in this poem. To poet it seems stars have eaten blanket. “Star eaten blanket”,  “Fallen gentleman” are modern metaphors.

2) “Darkness” by Joseph Campbell

Darkness.
I stop to watch a star shine in the boghole –
A star no longer, but a silver ribbon of light.
I look at it, and pass on.

Joseph Campbell was an Irish poet, American professor of literature. He writes similar kind of poetry to Humle at around the same time though they were working independently of each other.Title it self presents negativity. The combination of darkness and boghole negativity in the air but then there is a star which is shining in boghole. Star in boghole may be symbolize as modern civilization in boghole, and no chance to rescue from that boghole that is why poet says a star no more. A silver ribbon may be as a symbol of hope. But when he just look at it and pass on it signifies disinterest, or may be with only hope poet don’t want to stay there and wait he wants his life to go on.  “Boghole” is modern metaphor.

3) “Image” by Edward Storer

Forsaken lovers,
Burning to a chaste white moon,
Upon strange pyres of loneliness and drought.

Edward Storer was an English writer, translator and poet. He was clearly influenced by Japanese forms such as the haiku.The poem has love theme and talking about abandoned lovers. Whom society cast off because of all beliefs of purity. Chaste white moon here symbolize the purity. Because they are abandoned they are suffering from loneliness and facing drought like life. It also can be about modern and new generation, whom past puritan generation don’t accept, they are burning because of their ideas about purity and they are alone and the life has become like drought. White moon normally pursuit as symbol of peace but here this moon is burning. “Forsaken lovers”, “burning chaste white moon” are modern metaphors.

4) “In a Station of the Metro” by Ezra Pound

The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on wet, black bough.

Ezra Pound probably the most famous modernist poet, major figure in early modernist poetry movement and considered the poet most responsible for defining and promoting modernist aesthetic in poetry. Poet here talks about the life on a metro station. The crowd of people in which no one is clear to eyes everyone is looking like a ghost. Poet here connects the nature and modern busy life by comparing petals with crowd of people. After being for so long time in water the bough of tree become black same with constant crowd of people the station has also become like black sick bough. “Black bough” is modern metaphor.

5) “The pool” by H.D

Are you alive?
I touch you.
You quiver like a sea-fish.
I cover you with my net.
What are you—banded one?

H.D was a poet, novelist, and memoirist and one of the main practitioners of Imagism. The title “pool” suggest something which has boundaries. May be here poet talking about lack of freedom and the first question is “Are you alive?” which can be interpret as the death of someone in shackles. Then it refers to sparkle of sea fish may be here poet wants to say the capacity of person is like sea fish but the person has to be in cage. Cover with net also symbolize restriction. At last poet ask “What are you – banded one?”, by that we can say the person is treated like cast off.

6) “Insouciance” by Richard Aldington

In France (1916 – 1918)
In and out of the dreary trenches
Trudging cheerily under the stars
I make for myself little poems
Delicate as a flock of doves
They fly away like white winged doves.

Richard Aldington was a writer and poet, best known for war poems. This poem has effect of world wars also have picture of war. The location is France. Then poet talks about the trenches which are on borders though all soldiers live in trench then even poet feel it like lifeless. In this lifeless trenches soldiers are marching cheerfully under the stars which means they have only one shelter, sky. On borders all soldiers are together but far away from family, here poet to entertain himself make poems. The soldiers are tough like rock but the poems created by him is as delicate as flock of doves which stays for a while and then fly away. The poem also symbolize the hard life of soldiers like live in trenches without shelter on head, how they feel lonely and how they die, same like doves fly away suddenly.

7) “Morning at the Window” by T.S Eliot

They are rattling breakfast plates in basement kitchens,
And along the trampled edges of the street
I am aware of the damp souls of housemaids
Sprouting despondently at area gates.

The brown waves of fog toss up to me      
Twisted faces from the bottom of the street,
And tear from a passer-by with muddy skirts
An aimless smile that hovers in the air
And vanishes along the level of the roofs.

T.S Eliot was an essayist, publisher, play wright, literary and social critic and one of the twentieth century’s major poets. This poem has effect of world war and the poverty which war has bring to the nation. The jiggling plates in kitchen, the edges of the street which is injured because of its over use. Souls of housemaids are wet, poverty increases without any hope. The fog is also brown. Twisted faces, as poet is looking through window on the streets faces twisting up to look at him. Passer by has dirty cloths and tears in eyes, smile is also aimless which vanished in few seconds. Normally the view of morning in poems are pleasing to eyes, the chirping of birds are described newly sprouted flowers and all but here the sound of rattling plates and hopelessness is sprouting. From the very beginning everyone has sorrow and misery in life. “rattling plates”, “brown fog”, “twisted faces”, “aimless smile” these all are modern metaphors.

8) “The Red Wheelbarrow” by William Carlos Williams

so much depends
upon

a red wheel
barrow

glazed with rain
water

beside the white
chickens.

William Carlos Williams was an American poet and physician closely associated with modernism and imagism. This poem is quite difficult to understand. I am not getting the meaning of it but may be it seems to say that too much dependency on anyone should be avoided. May be the example of wheelbarrow that it can not move by it self, it is fully dependent on someone. Last lines are so confusing. “wheelbarrow”  is modern metaphor.

9) “Anecdote to the Jar” by Wallace Stevens

I placed a jar in Tennessee,
And round it was, upon a hill.
It made the slovenly wilderness
Surround that hill.

The wilderness rose up to it,
And sprawled around, no longer wild.   
The jar was round upon the ground   
And tall and of a port in air.

It took dominion everywhere.   
The jar was gray and bare.
It did not give of bird or bush,   
Like nothing else in Tennessee.

Wallace was an American modernist poet. This poem first published in 1919, this is Stevens one of best known short poems. Tennessee is state of U.S.A. Poet is talking about hills and jar upon the hills. Here he is mixing nature and culture. Here jar is doing dirty wilderness it surround the hill. May be the jar is transparent and as it is placed on hill it can reflect everything in it self. Now it more spread out, it is not wild but it is on ground. Jar has its dominion everywhere it did not spare anything in Tennessee. The poet here may be talking about government or any other nation and then 'I' becomes the people as we can assume by voting someone is selected, then hill here consider as crown or highest authority. Slovenly wilderness can be dirty politics. Then from that highest authority it took control over everything. At last poet says bird and woodlands are also under the control. “Jar on the hill” is modern metaphor.

10) “I(a” by E.E Cummings

l(a

le
af
fa
ll

s)
one
l

iness

Cummings was an American poet, painter, essayist, author and play wright. Structure of poem also suggest fall by loneliness as many characters are separated from each other and for make a word they have to be together. Here poet talks about leaf which is lonely means all other lives are already left the tree. Tree is barren and the only leaf is remain which also falls because of loneliness. This poem also shows that how a lonely human can not survive. It also reminds me the short story by O’ Henry, “The Last Leaf” that how the last leaf is symbol of hope and it falls the hope also dies. May be here poet also wants to talk about dead hope. 

Thank you.