Monday 5 November 2018
Assignment on Edgar Allan Poe’s Style and Structure in his Short Stories
To evaluate my assignment click here.
Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 3
Roll No.: 8
Paper No.: 10 – The American Literature
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English, Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Introduction
Edgar Allan Poe, was born on 19th January, 1809 in U.S. and died on 7th October, 1849, Maryland. He was American short-story writer, poet, critic, and editor who is famous for his stories of mystery and the macabre. His tale “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” (1841) initiated the modern detective story, and the atmosphere in his tales of horror is unrivaled in American fiction. His life is more like a nightmare which no one may wants to live. His father left them and his mother died early in his childhood and as life goes on he goes on loosing all his family members and at last when his wife dies he was left alone in this world. After all these bizarre conditions of life he was dived in the ocean of alcohol and gambling. No one is ready to give him job. He has excelled academically despite his problems of attendance and gambling. Many scholar call him an ‘architect’ of modern short stories. He is the first writer who has lived only on his writings. Here we are looking at his style and structure of writing short stories.
Here I have five stories of Poe through which I am analyzing his style and structure of writing short stories. Three stories are horror stories, which are, “The Tell Tale Heart”, “The Cask of Amontillado”, and “The Fall of The House of Usher”. Other two stories are detective and treasure hunt, “The Purloined Letter” and “The Gold Bug”. Lets very briefly see the summary of all stories.
“The Tell Tale Heart”
It is horrific story of an old man who has vulture eye and his servant has problem with that vulture eye. The servant has planned to kill old man because of his eyes. He killed old man without mercy and cut his body and burry it. He got suspected and policeman came for investigation and he also has make policeman believed in his words but he is constantly hearing the beating of the heart of an old man which makes him uncomfortable and he vehemently admits his crime.
“The Cask of Amontillado”
The story is of a person who is get insulted by his friend and now he wants to avenged. Fortunato is professionally a wine taster and Montresor, who wants to kill Fortunato and he intrigued Fortunato to come to taste rare brand Amontillado. Get him drunk all the way and chained him and walled him alive. We only here a voice for mercy but he is left to die there.
“The Fall of The House of Usher”
The story is of narrator who was called to his friends house because his friend was suffering from some mental disease. Though when narrator arrives at the house of Usher he feel negative there. Usher is living there with his sister and he also believed in superstitions and he feels that they have buried her alive and she is coming towards them.
“The Gold Bug”
It is a story of William Legrand who was stung by a gold-colored bug. His servant, Jupiter, doubts that Legrand is probably turning insane and seeks help of Legrand’s friend, an unnamed narrator. He consents to come to his old friend’s home. Legrand pulls the other two into a thrilling enterprise after decoding a secret message that will lead to a buried treasure. With the theme of cryptography, the story is a forerunner of the genre which is now known as detective fiction.
“The Purloined Letter”
The police prefect approaches detective Dupin with a puzzle: a cabinet minister has stolen a letter from a woman of royalty whom he is now blackmailing. Despite a harsh search of the minister’s rooms, the police find nothing. When the prefect returns a month later and mentions a large reward for the letter, Dupin casually produces the document. Dupin later explains to his assistant, the story’s narrator, that by analyzing the personality and behavior of the minister, he correctly had concluded that the letter would be hidden in plain sight.
Style and Structure
Poe has not written only gothic stories. His writings also include detective stories. He was first to initiate the genre of detective stories. Though he has only written five detective stories but those stories has given new way of creating stories. Here we are looking towards his style and structure of crafting short stories.
Formation
Poe as a writer is very accurate with his writing. He does not write in flow. He writes with plan. From the very beginning he has every thing in mind including the feelings which he wants to make readers feel. According to his formation he will choose the perfect word for perfect feelings. It is said for Poe that in his writing he never include any unnecessary word. Every single word in Poe’s story is important. For example in his short story “The Fall of the House of Usher” in the beginning we have the reflection of house in water and in reflection it looks up side down. This description at that time feels useless but at the end Poe has connected it very well with the destruction of house. So we can see that in his narration he plan every thing and never include any useless thing.
Theme
The theme of Poe’s story are mysterious and horrific. Poe as a writer has choose to show the humanity their darker side. His horror stories are very effectively described the devil inside the human beings. It is very common that at some point of time on someone any person would have feel like killing, but have not done that act. Poe show us the result that what it would be like if we act upon those feelings. Every single word of Gothic story lead towards more fear. While in detective stories it is the mystery which plays with the mind of readers. Some times it makes readers feel like fool. Because mysteries are so simple and it also ends with simple result. For example in “The Purloined Letter”, Poe has make us believe that letter is somewhere, where it is hard to find but in between it is said also that it is so simple to find and when we come to know that letter was front of our eyes, the smile came on our face which shows that how fool we are that we can’t think this simple. While on the other hand his another story “The Gold Bug” reader has constant conflicts and questions that what is going on. What this calculations are and how it will be solved and if the treasure will be hunt or not. So in this story the mystery is very difficult to solve. This is how Poe chooses his theme and make it alive through his writings.
Settings
The setting of the story plays vital role in giving the overall feeling of the story. Poe has choose his settings very carefully. In his Gothic stories the half of the feeling of fear and the atmosphere of terror is created from the setting only. He also has used light and dark very effectively and death is one of his element in horror stories. For example in his short story “The Tell Tale Heart” he shows that how only one ray of light is passed through door and fall on the eye of an old man. In another story like “The Fall of The House of Usher” where Poe has used darkness. The whole house of Usher is dark and how Usher himself also frightened from light. In the story like “The Cask of Amontillado” the setting is dark and under ground where bones are lying. Poe’s description of places have pictorial quality which make the feeling stronger.
Plot
The plot of the Poe’s story grows gradually. Mostly it has first person narration and the narrator is unnamed in most of the stories. Some narrators are unreliable as one in “The Tell Tale Heart” who in the beginning says that he is not mad but as story moves on we can see his madness. In Poe’s story I don’t feel downs. From the very first sentence story start raising and it leads readers to the height of particular feeling and then it ends at height only. It ends with that extreme feeling which reader has got from reading and left reader to be in that bizarre feeling for some period of time. The plot will not have any interruption or misleads from the main event. It will only focus on the decided feeling which writer wants to give to the readers. It has that ability to clutch the reader. Once any one who has started reading the story will be eager to complete it and if they have to drop it, it will make them uncomfortable. After completing the story also the effect of those words and imagery will not leave readers’ mind easily.
Characters
Poe’s story includes three to five characters. In Gothic stories the protagonists are suffering from over acuteness of senses. They just can’t control their mind. While on the other hand the protagonists of detective stories are so cleaver. All stories does not have ghosts and witches. The effect of horror is generated from a human being only. Poe’s stories are not of some kings or queens it is all about the common man. “The Tell Tale Heart” has servant as protagonist, in “The Cask of Amontillado” two friends are characters same is in “The Fall of The House of Usher”. In detective stories also characters are common human beings like police and politicians. The characters of detective stories are so clever and of gothic stories are abnormal. Those characters are suffering from some mental disease. The disease are so strong that they can even kill some one. The protagonist of the stories are developed in such a way that writer does not give any chances to readers to sympathize with that characters. For example in the story “The Cask of Amontillado” Montresor wants to kill Fortunato and he gave reason that he insults him but through out the whole story there is not a single sentence of insult. So like this Poe don’t wants reader to feel sympathy towards the protagonists. So Poe creates very strong characters in his stories. The protagonists are villain, because they have killed some one. Those villains are smile damned villains. Who don’t let their prey realize that they are going to die. To create this type of characters are challenging. Poe has also make characters like Mr. Dupin famous by his detective short stories. By looking at these things we can say Poe has a great skill of character developing.
Sentences
Poe has used very simple sentence structure. His language is also mostly simple but most of his sentences are long. He uses too many expressions and to describe it he use punctuations and make sentence longer. With those sentences he creates the perfect effect. He choose perfect word for perfect feeling. His villain protagonists are using words like deed, accomplishment, task for the murder. Poe has also used the word mental disease for his abnormal characters but the fact is at that time the mental disease are not found, so the vocabulary and knowledge is far more than his age in which he is living.
Punctuations
Poe is very liberal in using punctuations. For longer expression he will not hesitate to use lots of commas. Comma, inverted comma, colons, question marks, exclamatory marks, semi colons, dash, full stops, he will use every punctuation which make his writing effective. Let’s see one example from his stories.
“True! --nervous --very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses --not destroyed --not dulled them.” (The Tell Tale Heart)
This is only the first sentence of “The Tell Tale Heart” and we can see how many punctuations he has used.
Repetition of words and actions
To create a certain effect Poe repetitively use the same word or the same action. Though too much of repetition make things boring but he uses synonyms for the words and he does not describe repetition of action but told us the time for which it is repeating. For example in “The Tell Tale Heart” the action of peeping through the door is continued for seven days, the noise of heart is constant and the word ‘louder’ was also has been repeated for many times. In “The Purloined Letter” the act of searching letter by police was repeatedly goes on for three months. So this is how Poe use repetition for creating the particular feeling.
Conclusion
Poe has been born in Romantic period but his writings are different from those of Romantics. Though he also has written romantic poems but his prose writings does not follow Romantic traditions. In the whole different era creating own style of writing and also get success in it, is really showing the struggle through which writer must be gone through. Though we can see in his life that he has suffered a lot emotionally and financially also, so the type of terror he creates through his stories is shows his struggle in real life. Death has played very horrible role in Poe’s life and that’s why his story also includes deaths. But despite all these things we can see the effort which writer has put before and after writing the stories. We can see the result of his hard work and his hard work has given him sweet fruits also. By analyzing his style and structure of his short stories we can definitely say that he has great craftsmanship.
Resources
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edgar-Allan-Poe
https://jaynmehta.blogspot.com/2018/09/passion-perversity-and-poe-introduction.html?m=1
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-edgar-allan-poes-stylistc-elements-221183
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-structure-in-writing-and-how-does-it-affect-meaning.html
https://flynngray-wordpress-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/flynngray.wordpress.com/2015/11/23/edgar-allan-poe-short-story-structure-and-narrative-technique/amp/?amp_js_v=a2&_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQECAFYAQ%3D%3D#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fflynngray.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F11%2F23%2Fedgar-allan-poe-short-story-structure-and-narrative-technique%2F
Thank you.
Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 3
Roll No.: 8
Paper No.: 10 – The American Literature
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English, Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Introduction
Edgar Allan Poe, was born on 19th January, 1809 in U.S. and died on 7th October, 1849, Maryland. He was American short-story writer, poet, critic, and editor who is famous for his stories of mystery and the macabre. His tale “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” (1841) initiated the modern detective story, and the atmosphere in his tales of horror is unrivaled in American fiction. His life is more like a nightmare which no one may wants to live. His father left them and his mother died early in his childhood and as life goes on he goes on loosing all his family members and at last when his wife dies he was left alone in this world. After all these bizarre conditions of life he was dived in the ocean of alcohol and gambling. No one is ready to give him job. He has excelled academically despite his problems of attendance and gambling. Many scholar call him an ‘architect’ of modern short stories. He is the first writer who has lived only on his writings. Here we are looking at his style and structure of writing short stories.
Here I have five stories of Poe through which I am analyzing his style and structure of writing short stories. Three stories are horror stories, which are, “The Tell Tale Heart”, “The Cask of Amontillado”, and “The Fall of The House of Usher”. Other two stories are detective and treasure hunt, “The Purloined Letter” and “The Gold Bug”. Lets very briefly see the summary of all stories.
“The Tell Tale Heart”
It is horrific story of an old man who has vulture eye and his servant has problem with that vulture eye. The servant has planned to kill old man because of his eyes. He killed old man without mercy and cut his body and burry it. He got suspected and policeman came for investigation and he also has make policeman believed in his words but he is constantly hearing the beating of the heart of an old man which makes him uncomfortable and he vehemently admits his crime.
“The Cask of Amontillado”
The story is of a person who is get insulted by his friend and now he wants to avenged. Fortunato is professionally a wine taster and Montresor, who wants to kill Fortunato and he intrigued Fortunato to come to taste rare brand Amontillado. Get him drunk all the way and chained him and walled him alive. We only here a voice for mercy but he is left to die there.
“The Fall of The House of Usher”
The story is of narrator who was called to his friends house because his friend was suffering from some mental disease. Though when narrator arrives at the house of Usher he feel negative there. Usher is living there with his sister and he also believed in superstitions and he feels that they have buried her alive and she is coming towards them.
“The Gold Bug”
It is a story of William Legrand who was stung by a gold-colored bug. His servant, Jupiter, doubts that Legrand is probably turning insane and seeks help of Legrand’s friend, an unnamed narrator. He consents to come to his old friend’s home. Legrand pulls the other two into a thrilling enterprise after decoding a secret message that will lead to a buried treasure. With the theme of cryptography, the story is a forerunner of the genre which is now known as detective fiction.
“The Purloined Letter”
The police prefect approaches detective Dupin with a puzzle: a cabinet minister has stolen a letter from a woman of royalty whom he is now blackmailing. Despite a harsh search of the minister’s rooms, the police find nothing. When the prefect returns a month later and mentions a large reward for the letter, Dupin casually produces the document. Dupin later explains to his assistant, the story’s narrator, that by analyzing the personality and behavior of the minister, he correctly had concluded that the letter would be hidden in plain sight.
Style and Structure
Poe has not written only gothic stories. His writings also include detective stories. He was first to initiate the genre of detective stories. Though he has only written five detective stories but those stories has given new way of creating stories. Here we are looking towards his style and structure of crafting short stories.
Formation
Poe as a writer is very accurate with his writing. He does not write in flow. He writes with plan. From the very beginning he has every thing in mind including the feelings which he wants to make readers feel. According to his formation he will choose the perfect word for perfect feelings. It is said for Poe that in his writing he never include any unnecessary word. Every single word in Poe’s story is important. For example in his short story “The Fall of the House of Usher” in the beginning we have the reflection of house in water and in reflection it looks up side down. This description at that time feels useless but at the end Poe has connected it very well with the destruction of house. So we can see that in his narration he plan every thing and never include any useless thing.
Theme
The theme of Poe’s story are mysterious and horrific. Poe as a writer has choose to show the humanity their darker side. His horror stories are very effectively described the devil inside the human beings. It is very common that at some point of time on someone any person would have feel like killing, but have not done that act. Poe show us the result that what it would be like if we act upon those feelings. Every single word of Gothic story lead towards more fear. While in detective stories it is the mystery which plays with the mind of readers. Some times it makes readers feel like fool. Because mysteries are so simple and it also ends with simple result. For example in “The Purloined Letter”, Poe has make us believe that letter is somewhere, where it is hard to find but in between it is said also that it is so simple to find and when we come to know that letter was front of our eyes, the smile came on our face which shows that how fool we are that we can’t think this simple. While on the other hand his another story “The Gold Bug” reader has constant conflicts and questions that what is going on. What this calculations are and how it will be solved and if the treasure will be hunt or not. So in this story the mystery is very difficult to solve. This is how Poe chooses his theme and make it alive through his writings.
Settings
The setting of the story plays vital role in giving the overall feeling of the story. Poe has choose his settings very carefully. In his Gothic stories the half of the feeling of fear and the atmosphere of terror is created from the setting only. He also has used light and dark very effectively and death is one of his element in horror stories. For example in his short story “The Tell Tale Heart” he shows that how only one ray of light is passed through door and fall on the eye of an old man. In another story like “The Fall of The House of Usher” where Poe has used darkness. The whole house of Usher is dark and how Usher himself also frightened from light. In the story like “The Cask of Amontillado” the setting is dark and under ground where bones are lying. Poe’s description of places have pictorial quality which make the feeling stronger.
Plot
The plot of the Poe’s story grows gradually. Mostly it has first person narration and the narrator is unnamed in most of the stories. Some narrators are unreliable as one in “The Tell Tale Heart” who in the beginning says that he is not mad but as story moves on we can see his madness. In Poe’s story I don’t feel downs. From the very first sentence story start raising and it leads readers to the height of particular feeling and then it ends at height only. It ends with that extreme feeling which reader has got from reading and left reader to be in that bizarre feeling for some period of time. The plot will not have any interruption or misleads from the main event. It will only focus on the decided feeling which writer wants to give to the readers. It has that ability to clutch the reader. Once any one who has started reading the story will be eager to complete it and if they have to drop it, it will make them uncomfortable. After completing the story also the effect of those words and imagery will not leave readers’ mind easily.
Characters
Poe’s story includes three to five characters. In Gothic stories the protagonists are suffering from over acuteness of senses. They just can’t control their mind. While on the other hand the protagonists of detective stories are so cleaver. All stories does not have ghosts and witches. The effect of horror is generated from a human being only. Poe’s stories are not of some kings or queens it is all about the common man. “The Tell Tale Heart” has servant as protagonist, in “The Cask of Amontillado” two friends are characters same is in “The Fall of The House of Usher”. In detective stories also characters are common human beings like police and politicians. The characters of detective stories are so clever and of gothic stories are abnormal. Those characters are suffering from some mental disease. The disease are so strong that they can even kill some one. The protagonist of the stories are developed in such a way that writer does not give any chances to readers to sympathize with that characters. For example in the story “The Cask of Amontillado” Montresor wants to kill Fortunato and he gave reason that he insults him but through out the whole story there is not a single sentence of insult. So like this Poe don’t wants reader to feel sympathy towards the protagonists. So Poe creates very strong characters in his stories. The protagonists are villain, because they have killed some one. Those villains are smile damned villains. Who don’t let their prey realize that they are going to die. To create this type of characters are challenging. Poe has also make characters like Mr. Dupin famous by his detective short stories. By looking at these things we can say Poe has a great skill of character developing.
Sentences
Poe has used very simple sentence structure. His language is also mostly simple but most of his sentences are long. He uses too many expressions and to describe it he use punctuations and make sentence longer. With those sentences he creates the perfect effect. He choose perfect word for perfect feeling. His villain protagonists are using words like deed, accomplishment, task for the murder. Poe has also used the word mental disease for his abnormal characters but the fact is at that time the mental disease are not found, so the vocabulary and knowledge is far more than his age in which he is living.
Punctuations
Poe is very liberal in using punctuations. For longer expression he will not hesitate to use lots of commas. Comma, inverted comma, colons, question marks, exclamatory marks, semi colons, dash, full stops, he will use every punctuation which make his writing effective. Let’s see one example from his stories.
“True! --nervous --very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses --not destroyed --not dulled them.” (The Tell Tale Heart)
This is only the first sentence of “The Tell Tale Heart” and we can see how many punctuations he has used.
Repetition of words and actions
To create a certain effect Poe repetitively use the same word or the same action. Though too much of repetition make things boring but he uses synonyms for the words and he does not describe repetition of action but told us the time for which it is repeating. For example in “The Tell Tale Heart” the action of peeping through the door is continued for seven days, the noise of heart is constant and the word ‘louder’ was also has been repeated for many times. In “The Purloined Letter” the act of searching letter by police was repeatedly goes on for three months. So this is how Poe use repetition for creating the particular feeling.
Conclusion
Poe has been born in Romantic period but his writings are different from those of Romantics. Though he also has written romantic poems but his prose writings does not follow Romantic traditions. In the whole different era creating own style of writing and also get success in it, is really showing the struggle through which writer must be gone through. Though we can see in his life that he has suffered a lot emotionally and financially also, so the type of terror he creates through his stories is shows his struggle in real life. Death has played very horrible role in Poe’s life and that’s why his story also includes deaths. But despite all these things we can see the effort which writer has put before and after writing the stories. We can see the result of his hard work and his hard work has given him sweet fruits also. By analyzing his style and structure of his short stories we can definitely say that he has great craftsmanship.
Resources
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edgar-Allan-Poe
https://jaynmehta.blogspot.com/2018/09/passion-perversity-and-poe-introduction.html?m=1
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-edgar-allan-poes-stylistc-elements-221183
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-structure-in-writing-and-how-does-it-affect-meaning.html
https://flynngray-wordpress-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/flynngray.wordpress.com/2015/11/23/edgar-allan-poe-short-story-structure-and-narrative-technique/amp/?amp_js_v=a2&_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQECAFYAQ%3D%3D#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&_tf=From%20%251%24s&share=https%3A%2F%2Fflynngray.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F11%2F23%2Fedgar-allan-poe-short-story-structure-and-narrative-technique%2F
Thank you.
Assignment on Orientalism and Occidentalism
To evaluate my assignment click here.
Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 3
Roll No.: 8
Paper No.: 11 – Post – Colonial Literature
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English, Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
What is Orientalism and Occidentalism?
In simple words, The representation of Asia, its people and culture, by western world is called Orientalism. The exaggerated view of East as a backward and uncivilized then the West. This stereotyped image of East, which is created by West is called Orientalism. The way West typically interpret East is noted by some of scholars and they are studying this branch of Orientalism. “Orientalism” is title of the book by Edward Said.
Occidentalism is a counter term of Orientalism. In this term it represents how East is defying West. Some scholars have researched about how East is looking towards West, its people and its culture. It shows the stereotypes which East have for West.
“Orientalism” by Edward Said
Edward Said has said in his interview with MIF that why he has ponder upon the Orientalism. First reason he has given that the Arab Israel war of 1973 and the second reason he has given that the same representation of east in every form of art. This typical presentation of east has make Said to think upon Orientalism. The same representation of any country of east from centuries. What is surprising to Said was that it was not the same as what it is actually the experience of living in east. The mind of western people are conditioned in such a way that they can not think of something else than that about east. From centuries they only have seen one image of Orient which is not quite real also.
Then he has given example of Napoleon and his power to create knowledge about a place. By this Said wants to say that the one who is creating all the same images of Orient has power and that is why the images are not changing from centuries. Then he has talked about the direct and indirect inventory of knowledge. The difference between the knowledge of Orient. The difference between the knowledge of Britain and US about Orient. Because one has direct experience of living in Orient while on the other hand there is no direct experience there was just an images and stories which people believe and started having certain prejudices about Orient.
Then he talked about what Orientalism today is, it is about the demonetizing of Islam. The image of Muslims which are created by news channels and media is showing only one thing that Muslims are terrorists. They are conditioned the mind lf people to fear Muslims. Said has also talked about the news channels which will show the video clips people are talking in Arabic language and the interpreter will say they are talking about destruction of America, and he said that if you really know the language you will find there is nothing like this.
He also emphasize that the attacks other than by Muslims are not highlighted. So what the media is doing is creating stereotypes of one identity. Not only news channels but movies also. Movies are also showing Muslim characters in that light of fear and terror only. He has said that he also used to enjoy “Arabian Nights” which is creation of Hollywood, showing Arab as a world of magic. What Said complaining about is the generalization which is made for whole Islam. He has asked that is the whole Arab is terrorist? There are terrorists as every where but there are millions of people who are innocent and same as other human beings. People don’t even question their common sense that all are not terrorists. This generalization is what creates fear and terror. He also has given the diversity in Muslims also that how different Muslims countries have different tradition, histories and stories. They also differ than how all Muslims can be terrorists.
Further he said on this that there is the part of Arabs which they are playing for keep these images of Arab as west have in their mind. Because they are not trying to give them any other information about their real self. Behind this he has also given another reason that most of Arab countries have dictatorship and not democracy. They need the parentage of US and that is why they don’t initiate debate with US and let westerners think them as inferior to them and the same image of terrorism which they have.
After that Said has given personal example about Oklahoma city bombing. He has said that after some time he started receiving calls and they are asking him about that bomb blast not because he has to do something with that blast but because he belongs to middle east. So people have generalized that he will know some thing about blast and forgets that he is also an American.
In solution of this he has talked about the inventory. Inventory lf history which make sense. Which can tell them at least some truth, or if not truth it can show the other side of the coin. At last he has talked about the Palestine. He says that we cant throw them out just because we have thrown out. The challenge which everyone is facing now is the co – existence. We can not co – exist with fear or by the feel of protect one self from other. So one must have to learn to think about others, they have to put themselves in the shoes of others. And that is how the world exists with peace.
At last he has said that, “I've been interested in a field called Comparative Literature most all of my adult life and the ideal of Comparative Literature is not to show how English literature is really a secondary phenomenon to French literature or Arabic literature is kind of a poor cousin to Persian literature or any of those silly things, but to show them existing, you might say, as contrapuntal lines, in a great composition by which difference is respected and understood without coercion. And it's that attitude I think that we need.”
“Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of its Enemies”, by Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit
In this book the authors are talking about the distorted image of west which has been created by its enemies. This image is the reason of hatred which west has from all around the world. To that they have called Occidentalism. It is said that it is misapprehension and they think west as modern where alienation and depression have. Also most of the people means terror same west means modern. They don’t consider both the things differently. Some may take modern s a meaning of dehumanization of inhuman act. They had talked about some stereotypes which people will have. That all rich people don’t have spirituality. That all white woman are not cheating and whore. That modern soldiers are not coward. They also have said that most of them who are opposing west because of modernity are afraid of modernity and liberalism. They take political freedom, religious tolerance, scientific reason, and individual rights as danger because it is not culturally connected, but west should not feel guilty for that. They at last says that we can not close our society to defend those who has closed theirs. It is right also. And after seeing this it seems that everyone also have some kind of stereotypes towards west.
Orientalism in Movies
“Slumdog Millionaire” is a 2008 drama film. The film was directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. The problem with this movie is after o many years of independence and development still west want to see is the poor and crime thirsted east. The west wants to think east as poor only and that is why these all things are keep coming. The interesting thing is west wants to see east as inferior to them and that is why this movie also has that representation of east.
In other movie like “Munna Bhai M. B. B. S” where a person who is foreigner wants to take pictures of only poor India. This is what typical image which has been talked about others.
Next movie is “The Reluctant Fundamentalists.” Where we have seen the 9/11 attack and the changes which are faced by a particular person because he is Muslim. We can see how the footage of classroom are manipulated. The problems which hero has to face just because he belongs to particular identity is not good. They have arrested him for unnecessary reasons. They have interrogated for no reason. His identity has become as Pakistani and not just as a simple human being. We can see the condition of our hero that how much he suffers. He has always loved America but these things make you leave the job for which you have work so hard and the place which you loved the most.
We can clearly see that what Edward Said is saying is quite true that the same image of Orient is keep on comings.
Occidentalism in Movie
West in movies are shown as so modern or as a rotten culture. Here we have some examples.
“Queen” movie has portray a very good and bad image of Occident. It has been described as very beautiful places. The heroine after visiting west has lot of changes in her self though all are positive changes. The one thing was also has portrayed about which the book is talking about. The baby without marriage, single mother, prostitutions and the woman get ready to have intercourse with anyone.
Second is “Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya” portrays the freedom which woman gets in west but not in east. It also portrays the strict police system
Next is “Namastey London” which also represents that how western modernity is ruining the life of youngsters. The eastern values are best and west are not good.
Conclusion
After looking at all these things we can say that the knowledge which has been created about Occident or Orient both have lots of problems. It can not be changed so easily. Both the side of the earth should try to give new knowledge which is worth reading. It is necessary to have an experience of something before presenting anything to someone else. Both should have tried to change the perspective about each bother and both should accept the way they are. It will create strong bondage. One should try to Co – exists.
Resources
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=792442
https://youtu.be/fVC8EYd_Z_g
Thank you.
Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 3
Roll No.: 8
Paper No.: 11 – Post – Colonial Literature
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English, Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
What is Orientalism and Occidentalism?
In simple words, The representation of Asia, its people and culture, by western world is called Orientalism. The exaggerated view of East as a backward and uncivilized then the West. This stereotyped image of East, which is created by West is called Orientalism. The way West typically interpret East is noted by some of scholars and they are studying this branch of Orientalism. “Orientalism” is title of the book by Edward Said.
Occidentalism is a counter term of Orientalism. In this term it represents how East is defying West. Some scholars have researched about how East is looking towards West, its people and its culture. It shows the stereotypes which East have for West.
“Orientalism” by Edward Said
Edward Said has said in his interview with MIF that why he has ponder upon the Orientalism. First reason he has given that the Arab Israel war of 1973 and the second reason he has given that the same representation of east in every form of art. This typical presentation of east has make Said to think upon Orientalism. The same representation of any country of east from centuries. What is surprising to Said was that it was not the same as what it is actually the experience of living in east. The mind of western people are conditioned in such a way that they can not think of something else than that about east. From centuries they only have seen one image of Orient which is not quite real also.
Then he has given example of Napoleon and his power to create knowledge about a place. By this Said wants to say that the one who is creating all the same images of Orient has power and that is why the images are not changing from centuries. Then he has talked about the direct and indirect inventory of knowledge. The difference between the knowledge of Orient. The difference between the knowledge of Britain and US about Orient. Because one has direct experience of living in Orient while on the other hand there is no direct experience there was just an images and stories which people believe and started having certain prejudices about Orient.
Then he talked about what Orientalism today is, it is about the demonetizing of Islam. The image of Muslims which are created by news channels and media is showing only one thing that Muslims are terrorists. They are conditioned the mind lf people to fear Muslims. Said has also talked about the news channels which will show the video clips people are talking in Arabic language and the interpreter will say they are talking about destruction of America, and he said that if you really know the language you will find there is nothing like this.
He also emphasize that the attacks other than by Muslims are not highlighted. So what the media is doing is creating stereotypes of one identity. Not only news channels but movies also. Movies are also showing Muslim characters in that light of fear and terror only. He has said that he also used to enjoy “Arabian Nights” which is creation of Hollywood, showing Arab as a world of magic. What Said complaining about is the generalization which is made for whole Islam. He has asked that is the whole Arab is terrorist? There are terrorists as every where but there are millions of people who are innocent and same as other human beings. People don’t even question their common sense that all are not terrorists. This generalization is what creates fear and terror. He also has given the diversity in Muslims also that how different Muslims countries have different tradition, histories and stories. They also differ than how all Muslims can be terrorists.
Further he said on this that there is the part of Arabs which they are playing for keep these images of Arab as west have in their mind. Because they are not trying to give them any other information about their real self. Behind this he has also given another reason that most of Arab countries have dictatorship and not democracy. They need the parentage of US and that is why they don’t initiate debate with US and let westerners think them as inferior to them and the same image of terrorism which they have.
After that Said has given personal example about Oklahoma city bombing. He has said that after some time he started receiving calls and they are asking him about that bomb blast not because he has to do something with that blast but because he belongs to middle east. So people have generalized that he will know some thing about blast and forgets that he is also an American.
In solution of this he has talked about the inventory. Inventory lf history which make sense. Which can tell them at least some truth, or if not truth it can show the other side of the coin. At last he has talked about the Palestine. He says that we cant throw them out just because we have thrown out. The challenge which everyone is facing now is the co – existence. We can not co – exist with fear or by the feel of protect one self from other. So one must have to learn to think about others, they have to put themselves in the shoes of others. And that is how the world exists with peace.
At last he has said that, “I've been interested in a field called Comparative Literature most all of my adult life and the ideal of Comparative Literature is not to show how English literature is really a secondary phenomenon to French literature or Arabic literature is kind of a poor cousin to Persian literature or any of those silly things, but to show them existing, you might say, as contrapuntal lines, in a great composition by which difference is respected and understood without coercion. And it's that attitude I think that we need.”
“Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of its Enemies”, by Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit
In this book the authors are talking about the distorted image of west which has been created by its enemies. This image is the reason of hatred which west has from all around the world. To that they have called Occidentalism. It is said that it is misapprehension and they think west as modern where alienation and depression have. Also most of the people means terror same west means modern. They don’t consider both the things differently. Some may take modern s a meaning of dehumanization of inhuman act. They had talked about some stereotypes which people will have. That all rich people don’t have spirituality. That all white woman are not cheating and whore. That modern soldiers are not coward. They also have said that most of them who are opposing west because of modernity are afraid of modernity and liberalism. They take political freedom, religious tolerance, scientific reason, and individual rights as danger because it is not culturally connected, but west should not feel guilty for that. They at last says that we can not close our society to defend those who has closed theirs. It is right also. And after seeing this it seems that everyone also have some kind of stereotypes towards west.
Orientalism in Movies
“Slumdog Millionaire” is a 2008 drama film. The film was directed by Danny Boyle, written by Simon Beaufoy, and produced by Christian Colson. The problem with this movie is after o many years of independence and development still west want to see is the poor and crime thirsted east. The west wants to think east as poor only and that is why these all things are keep coming. The interesting thing is west wants to see east as inferior to them and that is why this movie also has that representation of east.
In other movie like “Munna Bhai M. B. B. S” where a person who is foreigner wants to take pictures of only poor India. This is what typical image which has been talked about others.
Next movie is “The Reluctant Fundamentalists.” Where we have seen the 9/11 attack and the changes which are faced by a particular person because he is Muslim. We can see how the footage of classroom are manipulated. The problems which hero has to face just because he belongs to particular identity is not good. They have arrested him for unnecessary reasons. They have interrogated for no reason. His identity has become as Pakistani and not just as a simple human being. We can see the condition of our hero that how much he suffers. He has always loved America but these things make you leave the job for which you have work so hard and the place which you loved the most.
We can clearly see that what Edward Said is saying is quite true that the same image of Orient is keep on comings.
Occidentalism in Movie
West in movies are shown as so modern or as a rotten culture. Here we have some examples.
“Queen” movie has portray a very good and bad image of Occident. It has been described as very beautiful places. The heroine after visiting west has lot of changes in her self though all are positive changes. The one thing was also has portrayed about which the book is talking about. The baby without marriage, single mother, prostitutions and the woman get ready to have intercourse with anyone.
Second is “Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya” portrays the freedom which woman gets in west but not in east. It also portrays the strict police system
Next is “Namastey London” which also represents that how western modernity is ruining the life of youngsters. The eastern values are best and west are not good.
Conclusion
After looking at all these things we can say that the knowledge which has been created about Occident or Orient both have lots of problems. It can not be changed so easily. Both the side of the earth should try to give new knowledge which is worth reading. It is necessary to have an experience of something before presenting anything to someone else. Both should have tried to change the perspective about each bother and both should accept the way they are. It will create strong bondage. One should try to Co – exists.
Resources
https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=792442
https://youtu.be/fVC8EYd_Z_g
Thank you.
Assignment on "Waiting For Godot" as Christian Play
To evaluate my assignment click here
Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 3
Roll No.: 8
Paper No.: 9 Modernist Literature
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English, Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Introduction
“Waiting for Godot” is a play by Samuel Beckett. Waiting for Godot is Beckett's translation of his own original French play, “En attendant Godot”, and is subtitled in English only "a tragicomedy in two acts”. The original French text was composed between 9 October 1948 and 29 January 1949. The premiere was on 5 January 1953 in the Theater de Babylone, Paris. The English language version was premiered in London in 1955. In a poll conducted by the British Royal National Theatre in 1990 it was voted the "most significant English language play of the 20th century".
There are only five characters who appeared on the stage sixth one does not appear on stage. The story is whole around of that sixth person who never comes – Godot. Vladimir and Estragon both are waiting for Godot and while waiting they are trying to kill the time by various acts. In play two more characters are Lucky and Pozzo, who are slave and master. They both come on the stage as giving relief to the audience from only seeing Vladimir and Estragon. The fifth character is the Boy, who come on the stage to give news about Godot that he will not come today but tomorrow he will come. This play has been considered as a absurd play with the theme of existentialism.
This play is open to many ways like existentialism, absurd theatre, autobiographical, political reading, psychological reading, philosophical reading, religious reading, deconstructive reading, Freudian, ethical, sexual, and Christian. We are here trying to interpret this play as a Christian play.
“Waiting for Godot” as a Christian Play
Samuel Beckett, at many places has put the reference of bible and Christianity. Now we will see all the reference which has made to Christianity by Beckett.
In starting of the play it self Vladimir referrers to the thieves. One was saved and one was damned. The story of two thieves are in the version of The New Testament in Gospel of Luck. There are two thieves with Christ on the same day of incarnation of Christ. One was a good thieve who ask Jesus to remember him when he will come to his kingdom and second one is quite ignorant who mocked at Jesus that are you a messiah? Save yourself and us. So the thief asking for remembering him was saved by Jesus and the one who is mocking was damned.
Vladimir : One of the thieves was saved. (Pause.) It's a reasonable percentage. (Pause.) Gogo.
This is the story Vladimir refers at the beginning. They both also have same desire to be saved by Jesus. We can also see that when Boy comes with the message of Godot that he will not come today but tomorrow, Vladimir ask him to first remember both of them but in second act he tells him to remember only him. This shows the connection between the story of two thieves and desire to be saved.
Vladimir has also refers to the idea of repentance.
ESTRAGON: What?
VLADIMIR: Suppose we repented.
ESTRAGON: Repented what?
VLADIMIR: Oh . . . (He reflects.) We wouldn't have to go into the details.
ESTRAGON: Our being born?
This is shows the Christian idea of repentance. And when Estragon asks that for what they have to repent then Vladimir denies about details. Which shows his blind faith. It is said in the bible to repent so one must have to repent no details no reasons.
There is another Christian myth of goats and sheep which we can find during the conversation with the Boy. The Sheep and the Goats or "the Judgment of the Nations" is a pronouncement of Jesus recorded in chapter 25 of Matthew's Gospel in the New Testament. From Matthew 25:31–46:
"But when the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then he will sit on the throne of his glory. Before him all the nations will be gathered, and he will separate them one from another, as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. He will set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left.”
This also has been referred in the play.
VLADIMIR: You work for Mr. Godot?
BOY: Yes Sir.
VLADIMIR: What do you do?
BOY: I mind the goats, Sir.
VLADIMIR: Is he good to you?
BOY: Yes Sir.
VLADIMIR: He doesn't beat you?
BOY: No Sir, not me.
VLADIMIR: Whom does he beat?
BOY: He beats my brother, Sir.
VLADIMIR: Ah, you have a brother?
BOY: Yes Sir.
VLADIMIR: What does he do?
BOY: He minds the sheep, Sir.
In bible sheep are at right hand and goats are at left but in this play Godot beats the one who is minding sheep. This biblical reference is for the good people and the bad people. Here we can see Vladimir asking that does Mr. Godot beat him or not and when boy said that he beat his brother Vladimir has said that Crist have mercy on us. This beating shows the punishment given by the God. They both are thinking that if they will not wait for Godot he will punish them. Vladimir also said the boy to tell Mr. Godot that they are waiting for him which shows that he wants salvation and for that they are waiting.
Next is it is clearly indicated in the play that the Godot or God is Christian.
VLADIMIR: (softly). Has he a beard, Mr. Godot?
BOY: Yes Sir.
VLADIMIR: Fair or . . . (he hesitates) . . . or black?
BOY: I think it's white, Sir.
This clear reference shows that Godot is Christian. We can also read him as God as his name suggests “God – ot”. So we can read Godot as God and Vladimir and Estragon both are waiting for God and the salvation.
Next is the tree in the play which has in the background. It is the symbol of cross on which Christ was hanged, and Vladimir and Estragon standing besides each side of the tree again the symbol which shows the thieves and Christ. Some leaves on the tree in second act is shows the idea of hope. They have hope that their wait will give them some results. Or the hope of Godot coming. The name of the bible is also clearly referred in the play as Vladimir asks Estragon that have he read Bible? And then the description holy lands from bible.
Vladimir and Estragon are keep waiting for Godot. We can interpret as they are waiting for their savior or second coming. As they have hope of getting salvation from that savior. They are waiting for him to resolve all their life’s problem and sorrows. As Christian believes that some day the son of God will come and save them all from the miseries of life. And that is why they are keep waiting for Godot believing that he will gave them salvation.
“Estragon: And if we dropped him? (Pause) If we dropped him?
Vladimir: He’d punish us.
Estragon: And if he comes?
Vladimir: We’ll be saved.”
As I have discussed before the idea and fear of punishment from Godot and the reason behind waiting for so long. If they will stop waiting Godot will punish and if they will keep waiting the Godot will come and save them. But wait for how long is not known. Same everybody is waiting for their savior to come and save them and they believe savior will come and that’s why all keep waiting. Or may be they have fear of punishment and that is why they all are keep waiting.
If we take Lucky and Pozzo in consideration and the relation between both of them is slave and master. If we put this relation between humans and God then humans will be Lucky who is slave and God will be Pozzo who is master. The rode of religion is in our neck and we enslaved on the name of religion. Then when our master go blind then even we don’t try to free ourselves. Because we think this rode as safety or the necessary element for happiness and salvation.
Then we can see Lucky caring too many bags and don’t put it down. When it is asked to Pozzo he says that there is sand in the bags which as per Christianity is symbol of sin. So this wants to show that humans are under the burden of their sin and to get rid of that sin they keep waiting and keep following what master and later on blind master says.
We also can read Boy’s character who passes the message of Mr. Godot to Vladimir and Estragon. We can interpret him as messenger of God. God has send him to passes his message to all humanity. The people around us are also claiming to be the messenger of god. This is also we can read in context of Christianity that they believe in messengers.
Conclusion
After looking at all these points we can conclude this play as a Christian play. Some of its aspects are connected with all religions but we have clear reference to bible and the myths from the bible and by all these references we can say that Samuel Beckett has bring home a bible in some conversation between two tramps which look so meaningless and absurd.
Resources
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitent_thief
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats
https://prezi.com/m/ezbsvsbuboyh/christianity-and-waiting-for-godot/
http://poojabajadeja1315.blogspot.com/2014/10/waiting-for-godot-with-religious.html?m=1
Original text
Thank you.
Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 3
Roll No.: 8
Paper No.: 9 Modernist Literature
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English, Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Introduction
“Waiting for Godot” is a play by Samuel Beckett. Waiting for Godot is Beckett's translation of his own original French play, “En attendant Godot”, and is subtitled in English only "a tragicomedy in two acts”. The original French text was composed between 9 October 1948 and 29 January 1949. The premiere was on 5 January 1953 in the Theater de Babylone, Paris. The English language version was premiered in London in 1955. In a poll conducted by the British Royal National Theatre in 1990 it was voted the "most significant English language play of the 20th century".
There are only five characters who appeared on the stage sixth one does not appear on stage. The story is whole around of that sixth person who never comes – Godot. Vladimir and Estragon both are waiting for Godot and while waiting they are trying to kill the time by various acts. In play two more characters are Lucky and Pozzo, who are slave and master. They both come on the stage as giving relief to the audience from only seeing Vladimir and Estragon. The fifth character is the Boy, who come on the stage to give news about Godot that he will not come today but tomorrow he will come. This play has been considered as a absurd play with the theme of existentialism.
This play is open to many ways like existentialism, absurd theatre, autobiographical, political reading, psychological reading, philosophical reading, religious reading, deconstructive reading, Freudian, ethical, sexual, and Christian. We are here trying to interpret this play as a Christian play.
“Waiting for Godot” as a Christian Play
Samuel Beckett, at many places has put the reference of bible and Christianity. Now we will see all the reference which has made to Christianity by Beckett.
In starting of the play it self Vladimir referrers to the thieves. One was saved and one was damned. The story of two thieves are in the version of The New Testament in Gospel of Luck. There are two thieves with Christ on the same day of incarnation of Christ. One was a good thieve who ask Jesus to remember him when he will come to his kingdom and second one is quite ignorant who mocked at Jesus that are you a messiah? Save yourself and us. So the thief asking for remembering him was saved by Jesus and the one who is mocking was damned.
Vladimir : One of the thieves was saved. (Pause.) It's a reasonable percentage. (Pause.) Gogo.
This is the story Vladimir refers at the beginning. They both also have same desire to be saved by Jesus. We can also see that when Boy comes with the message of Godot that he will not come today but tomorrow, Vladimir ask him to first remember both of them but in second act he tells him to remember only him. This shows the connection between the story of two thieves and desire to be saved.
Vladimir has also refers to the idea of repentance.
ESTRAGON: What?
VLADIMIR: Suppose we repented.
ESTRAGON: Repented what?
VLADIMIR: Oh . . . (He reflects.) We wouldn't have to go into the details.
ESTRAGON: Our being born?
This is shows the Christian idea of repentance. And when Estragon asks that for what they have to repent then Vladimir denies about details. Which shows his blind faith. It is said in the bible to repent so one must have to repent no details no reasons.
There is another Christian myth of goats and sheep which we can find during the conversation with the Boy. The Sheep and the Goats or "the Judgment of the Nations" is a pronouncement of Jesus recorded in chapter 25 of Matthew's Gospel in the New Testament. From Matthew 25:31–46:
"But when the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then he will sit on the throne of his glory. Before him all the nations will be gathered, and he will separate them one from another, as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. He will set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left.”
This also has been referred in the play.
VLADIMIR: You work for Mr. Godot?
BOY: Yes Sir.
VLADIMIR: What do you do?
BOY: I mind the goats, Sir.
VLADIMIR: Is he good to you?
BOY: Yes Sir.
VLADIMIR: He doesn't beat you?
BOY: No Sir, not me.
VLADIMIR: Whom does he beat?
BOY: He beats my brother, Sir.
VLADIMIR: Ah, you have a brother?
BOY: Yes Sir.
VLADIMIR: What does he do?
BOY: He minds the sheep, Sir.
In bible sheep are at right hand and goats are at left but in this play Godot beats the one who is minding sheep. This biblical reference is for the good people and the bad people. Here we can see Vladimir asking that does Mr. Godot beat him or not and when boy said that he beat his brother Vladimir has said that Crist have mercy on us. This beating shows the punishment given by the God. They both are thinking that if they will not wait for Godot he will punish them. Vladimir also said the boy to tell Mr. Godot that they are waiting for him which shows that he wants salvation and for that they are waiting.
Next is it is clearly indicated in the play that the Godot or God is Christian.
VLADIMIR: (softly). Has he a beard, Mr. Godot?
BOY: Yes Sir.
VLADIMIR: Fair or . . . (he hesitates) . . . or black?
BOY: I think it's white, Sir.
This clear reference shows that Godot is Christian. We can also read him as God as his name suggests “God – ot”. So we can read Godot as God and Vladimir and Estragon both are waiting for God and the salvation.
Next is the tree in the play which has in the background. It is the symbol of cross on which Christ was hanged, and Vladimir and Estragon standing besides each side of the tree again the symbol which shows the thieves and Christ. Some leaves on the tree in second act is shows the idea of hope. They have hope that their wait will give them some results. Or the hope of Godot coming. The name of the bible is also clearly referred in the play as Vladimir asks Estragon that have he read Bible? And then the description holy lands from bible.
Vladimir and Estragon are keep waiting for Godot. We can interpret as they are waiting for their savior or second coming. As they have hope of getting salvation from that savior. They are waiting for him to resolve all their life’s problem and sorrows. As Christian believes that some day the son of God will come and save them all from the miseries of life. And that is why they are keep waiting for Godot believing that he will gave them salvation.
“Estragon: And if we dropped him? (Pause) If we dropped him?
Vladimir: He’d punish us.
Estragon: And if he comes?
Vladimir: We’ll be saved.”
As I have discussed before the idea and fear of punishment from Godot and the reason behind waiting for so long. If they will stop waiting Godot will punish and if they will keep waiting the Godot will come and save them. But wait for how long is not known. Same everybody is waiting for their savior to come and save them and they believe savior will come and that’s why all keep waiting. Or may be they have fear of punishment and that is why they all are keep waiting.
If we take Lucky and Pozzo in consideration and the relation between both of them is slave and master. If we put this relation between humans and God then humans will be Lucky who is slave and God will be Pozzo who is master. The rode of religion is in our neck and we enslaved on the name of religion. Then when our master go blind then even we don’t try to free ourselves. Because we think this rode as safety or the necessary element for happiness and salvation.
Then we can see Lucky caring too many bags and don’t put it down. When it is asked to Pozzo he says that there is sand in the bags which as per Christianity is symbol of sin. So this wants to show that humans are under the burden of their sin and to get rid of that sin they keep waiting and keep following what master and later on blind master says.
We also can read Boy’s character who passes the message of Mr. Godot to Vladimir and Estragon. We can interpret him as messenger of God. God has send him to passes his message to all humanity. The people around us are also claiming to be the messenger of god. This is also we can read in context of Christianity that they believe in messengers.
Conclusion
After looking at all these points we can conclude this play as a Christian play. Some of its aspects are connected with all religions but we have clear reference to bible and the myths from the bible and by all these references we can say that Samuel Beckett has bring home a bible in some conversation between two tramps which look so meaningless and absurd.
Resources
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitent_thief
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats
https://prezi.com/m/ezbsvsbuboyh/christianity-and-waiting-for-godot/
http://poojabajadeja1315.blogspot.com/2014/10/waiting-for-godot-with-religious.html?m=1
Original text
Thank you.
Assignment on Second Language Acquisition by David Nunan
To evaluate my assignment click here
Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 3
Roll No.: 8
Paper No.: 12 English Language Teaching – 1
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English, Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
After coming in this world, language will become part of our existence. Without language we can not think of living. The language which we learn from our childhood is called our mother tongue and our first language. Second language is one which we choose to learn in school or we learn it after acquiring first language. The term “Second Language Acquisition (SLA)” refers to the processes through which someone acquires one or more second or foreign language. It can not be denied that acquiring a mother tongue and second language has difference. So SLA ponder upon those difference which occurs in the process of learning second language.
There is also a difference between acquiring and learning. Acquiring happens by having conversation with native speakers, while learning is a conscious process which take place in school or collages. Acquiring a language means we focus on meaningful conversation while learning language focuses on structure of language, grammar and other rules. SLA researchers also focuses on these things like weather the language came from naturalistic contexts or classroom settings. It also focuses on weather it is product, which means the language is acquired naturally, or it is process, which means language is learned through pattern follows by schools.
Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CA Hypothesis)
The term SLA was immerged from the comparative study of languages. It is believed that learner’s first language high and important influence on learner’s second language, from that CA Hypothesis has taken place. This hypothesis gave two terms. ‘Positive transfer’ and ‘Negative transfer’. Positive transfer refer to the language which has similar rules and which helps learner to acquire second language easily. Those language which shares same origins. As it is said earlier that learner’s first language has impact on their second language, so, while learning second language learner has rules of first language and when they apply it, it is similar and it helps learner to learn the language easily, this is called positive transfer.
Negative transfer refers to the language which has different origins and different rules. As first language is very important part of human’s life and it affects everywhere. Same like positive transfer the first language of learner interfere in learning second language also but this time both language has different rules. Now this interfere of first language in second language will harm the acquiring process of learner. This interfere is called negative transfer.
Product – Oriented Research
During the early 1970s a series of empirical investigations into learner language were carried out which became known as the 'morpheme order' studies. Morpheme means minimum meaningful language unit. These studies focuses on weather the grammar of target language has been acquired naturally or not.
Dulay and Burt (1973, 1974) both are the principal architects of the Morpheme order studies, they came up with the research like, the errors which learner does while acquiring a second language are same as they done while acquiring a first language. They believe that the process of acquiring any language is same, by listening. As they acquired a first language from their parents, same way they will acquire a second language. So the mistakes learners do in structure of language are as for both the languages. By telling this both are rejecting the CA Hypothesis, which says that, learners’ structure of first language is interfere in learning a second language. Dulay and Burt has rejected the CA Hypothesis and has given a new one called “L2 acquisition equals L1 acquisition”.
“Briefly the CA hypothesis states that while the child is learning an L2, he [or she] will tend to use his native language structures in his L2 speech, and where structures in his LI and his L2differ he will goof. For example, in Spanish, subjects are often dropped, so Spanish children learning English should tend to say Wants Miss Jones for He wants Miss Jones.
The 'L2 acquisition equals LI acquisition' hypothesis holds that children actively organize the L2 speech that they hear and make generalizations about its structure as children learning their LI do. Therefore the goofs expected in any particular L2 production would be similar to those made by children learning the same language as their LI. For example Jose want Miss Jones would be expected since LI acquisition studies have shown that childrengenerally omit functors, in this case the -s inflection for third person singular present indicative.” (Dulay and Burt 1974: 96)
The morpheme order studies indicated a predetermined order of acquisition for certain grammatical morpheme. However this research shows that this order can not be changed by instructions. Though researchers are failed to answer that why some morpheme unites are acquired earlier than others.
During the 1980s, however, a number of researchers studying the acquisition of German and English proposed an interested explanation for the disparity between instruction and acquisition based on speech-processing constraints (Pienemann 1989). They argued that every item of grammar should be structured according to its complexity. So learner will goes one step ahead every time. Though it has made for short term memory, for longer period this will not work. We can see that some items can be memorized easily while other takes time. This can be difficult during the speech process, because while speaking these all grammatical things should be in working memory and while speaking it is very hard to concentrate on every structure as speaking is very fast process, so, at that time one can only focus on one part of speech. They say that every grammatical unit should have one step ahead from learners’ capability and this is called “Teachability Hypothesis”. However to know the progress every item should be structurally graded.
The researchers who has put this idea in practice are vigorously reject the concepts of grammar structure and teachability hypothesis. They says that grammar should be taught but only when learner is mentally ready to acquire a next level. Without learner’s readiness the grammar can not be acquired. So they says that the structure and complexity of grammar should be according to the need of learners.
In the 1980s Stephen Krashen was the best known figure in the SLA field. He has given the hypothesis on despairing between learning and acquiring grammatical items. He has given two mental process, 1) Conscious Learning 2) Subconscious Acquiring.
Conscious Learning focuses on grammatical rules and make learner memorize it. While Subconscious Acquiring focuses on acquiring of grammatical rules at subconscious level. He says that both the processes are very separate from each other. Language is mean of communication, so he says language acquisition means comprehension. If learning can comprehend the structure and meaning of it, it means that learner has move one step ahead in acquiring particular language. This is called “Comprehensible Input Hypothesis”.
While putting Krashen’s hypothesis in practical practice researchers has argued that learners should be provided by very natural input. Especially extensive listening can be provide great help. In early stage when learner don’t has to articulate the language at that time listening can help in reducing the errors in structure and pronunciations. Though they emphasizing on listening but many of them are still agree with Krashen’s hypothesis.
Krashen's comprehensible input hypothesis was challenged by Swain (1985), who investigated immersion programmes in Canada in which children receive content instruction in a language other than their L1. Like those whose native language is English they got instructions in other language like French or Spanish and vice versa. What happen is students get very high amount of comprehensible input. Though their L2 is not so much developed as per the need of comprehensible input hypothesis. So according to Swain’s research, in classroom teachers are only speaking more and students are very little. So she gave an alternative hypothesis, “Comprehensible Output Hypothesis”. Which suggest that to acquire a language articulation of language is necessary.
Process – Oriented Research
This research is focused on the process through which learner passes. It focuses on the tasks which learner performs to acquire a language. It ponder upon the classroom activities and other effort which are put to input the data of target language. It focuses on products or outcomes of the process. Long (1981) has said that two way communication generate significantly modified interactions than one way communications. Two way communications means, a talk where mostly everyone is participating and everyone has something unique to share, like group discussions. While on the other hand one way communication means, only one person is involved in speaking others are just listeners, for example, the person is giving speech.
Similarly Daughty and Pica (1986) are also found that required information sharing talks can generate modified interaction than the talks where sharing information is optional. The term “Modified Interaction” means the use of language which has done by the speaker to make the language comprehensible to the speakers. This research was strongly influenced by Krashen's hypothesis that comprehensible input was a necessary and sufficient condition for SLA. The aim of language is to communicate and if it will happen in learners’ targeted language than this is what matters. The meaning of message should be understood.
The process oriented research work of Long has grown the importance of development of task based language teaching. What difference this task based language teaching wants to make is they want syllabus not according to linguistics items but it should be upon tasks. SLA research has informed the work of syllabus designers, methodologists and materials writers by suggesting that the task which encourage learners to negotiate meanings is healthy sign for acquisition. The growing importance of task in syllabus of all kinds is suggesting the growing link between process oriented research and classroom pedagogy.
Current and Future Trends and Directions
Current SLA research progress can be describe in only one word: Complex. Researchers are now come to know that language acquisition has social, interpersonal and even psychological dimensions. These all things affect learners while acquiring a new language. They come to know that input and output both are important. We can not focus only on one process, if there is input then and then output will come, so only focusing on one will not help. They come to know that form and meaning can not be separated. Every form has meaning and every meaning follows one form. And at last they come to know that acquiring or learning is a organic process not the linear process. It will take time and happen on its own it will not work under orders.
In a recent study, Martyn (1996) investigated the influence of certain task characteristics on the negotiation of meaning in small group work, looking at the following variables:
• interaction relationship: whether one person holds all of the information required to complete the task, whether each participant holds a portion of the information, or whether the information is shared;
• interaction requirement: whether or not the information must be shared;
• goal orientation: whether the task goal is convergent or divergent;
• outcome options: whether there is only a single correct outcome, or whether more than one
outcome is possible.
This researches are showing the complexity of learning environment. It also shows that how difficult of almost impossible it is to separate psychological and linguistics factors from social and interpersonal ones.
For future the major challenge is for curriculum designers, materials writers and classroom practitioners, who accepted the task based learning but they are in search to make the task with needed instructions for learners. This is a challenge because this is going to be for beginners in foreign language. The researchers also have to think on till which extent they can allow the task based learning. Experiments are under way to establish the appropriate balance and 'mix' between tasks which have non-linguistic outcomes and exercises which have linguistic outcomes.
The researchers are thinking that organic process of acquiring a language is best. We can not separate its originality and we also cannot learn anything without understanding it in particular context. The organic metaphor sees SLA more as a growing garden than building a wall. Learners do not learn one thing perfectly one item at a time, but learn numerous things simultaneously and imperfectly.
Generalizations
In general we can say that SLA provides an understanding of what language is, what learning is and if we talk about in context of classroom then what teaching is? Secondly if we understand that how children acquire their first language then it can throw light to understand the structure of acquiring a second language. Third is most important. It is to know that there is a vast difference between learners acquiring a new language. All have different level of understanding and different methods. What works for first one may not work for second one. So it is necessary to know that there is difference in acquiring a language among learners. Last one is the way learners view themselves in communication, it will affect the quantity and quality of second language learning. The way learners analyze and grade them selves will affect them at psychological level. In short their confidence level affect their learning.
Claims
It is claimed that adults acquire a second language easily. Well my vote is not going to this claim as learning a whole new language is difficult for adults also and I think it creates more hurdles to adults as their mind has grown up in a structure of particular language and to learn new language it is necessary to adjust another structure in mind so I don’t think it is easy for adults also. Second claim is that practice does not make language perfect. We have this illusion in mind that same like other things practice also can make language perfect which is not true. Practice does not make language perfect. To make your language perfect you have to put it in a practice and should have to create an atmosphere where your language can grow. Only practicing language will not help.
Third claim is that knowing a language rule does not mean that one will able to use it in communications. This is 100% true. Rules does not help in articulating language and the biggest example is your native language. When we started speaking our native language we don’t know the rules of our language then even we are articulating it and then after we have learned the rules. So it is clear that knowing language rule does not make any difference. Next is one can not achieve native like command in short period of time. To articulate a perfect and meaningful language it needs atmosphere. Without it one will not able to get command over language.
Next is comprehension of text is depended on learners ability to understand language. It is totally one learners. The way they understand language they will comprehend meaning from the same level. Then learner already has a language in their brain. They are now trying to add another language in their system so it will take time and as I am repeatedly referring that atmosphere is very important element for acquiring any language.
Conclusion
While summing up we can say that Nunan has shown the both side of SLA coin, like product and process oriented research, conscious learning and subconscious acquisition and also has shown the current situation of SLA and future plans of designing curriculum on task based language learning. In past we have see that how difficult it is to merge social, interpersonal and psychological dimensions but now we have to see, if future plans will be able to do this and create a whole new way for SLA or again we have to find something more advance.
Resources
https://m.box.com/shared_item/https%3A%2F%2Fapp.box.com%2Fs%2Fttu0w2hcsxrcvnuq0ioyzy064tj3szcy
Thank you.
Name: Dharaba Rayjada
Semester: 3
Roll No.: 8
Paper No.: 12 English Language Teaching – 1
Enrolment No.: 2069108420180045
Email id: dharabarayjada021@gmail.com
Year: 2017-19
Submitted to: Department of English, Maharaja Krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.
Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
After coming in this world, language will become part of our existence. Without language we can not think of living. The language which we learn from our childhood is called our mother tongue and our first language. Second language is one which we choose to learn in school or we learn it after acquiring first language. The term “Second Language Acquisition (SLA)” refers to the processes through which someone acquires one or more second or foreign language. It can not be denied that acquiring a mother tongue and second language has difference. So SLA ponder upon those difference which occurs in the process of learning second language.
There is also a difference between acquiring and learning. Acquiring happens by having conversation with native speakers, while learning is a conscious process which take place in school or collages. Acquiring a language means we focus on meaningful conversation while learning language focuses on structure of language, grammar and other rules. SLA researchers also focuses on these things like weather the language came from naturalistic contexts or classroom settings. It also focuses on weather it is product, which means the language is acquired naturally, or it is process, which means language is learned through pattern follows by schools.
Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CA Hypothesis)
The term SLA was immerged from the comparative study of languages. It is believed that learner’s first language high and important influence on learner’s second language, from that CA Hypothesis has taken place. This hypothesis gave two terms. ‘Positive transfer’ and ‘Negative transfer’. Positive transfer refer to the language which has similar rules and which helps learner to acquire second language easily. Those language which shares same origins. As it is said earlier that learner’s first language has impact on their second language, so, while learning second language learner has rules of first language and when they apply it, it is similar and it helps learner to learn the language easily, this is called positive transfer.
Negative transfer refers to the language which has different origins and different rules. As first language is very important part of human’s life and it affects everywhere. Same like positive transfer the first language of learner interfere in learning second language also but this time both language has different rules. Now this interfere of first language in second language will harm the acquiring process of learner. This interfere is called negative transfer.
Product – Oriented Research
During the early 1970s a series of empirical investigations into learner language were carried out which became known as the 'morpheme order' studies. Morpheme means minimum meaningful language unit. These studies focuses on weather the grammar of target language has been acquired naturally or not.
Dulay and Burt (1973, 1974) both are the principal architects of the Morpheme order studies, they came up with the research like, the errors which learner does while acquiring a second language are same as they done while acquiring a first language. They believe that the process of acquiring any language is same, by listening. As they acquired a first language from their parents, same way they will acquire a second language. So the mistakes learners do in structure of language are as for both the languages. By telling this both are rejecting the CA Hypothesis, which says that, learners’ structure of first language is interfere in learning a second language. Dulay and Burt has rejected the CA Hypothesis and has given a new one called “L2 acquisition equals L1 acquisition”.
“Briefly the CA hypothesis states that while the child is learning an L2, he [or she] will tend to use his native language structures in his L2 speech, and where structures in his LI and his L2differ he will goof. For example, in Spanish, subjects are often dropped, so Spanish children learning English should tend to say Wants Miss Jones for He wants Miss Jones.
The 'L2 acquisition equals LI acquisition' hypothesis holds that children actively organize the L2 speech that they hear and make generalizations about its structure as children learning their LI do. Therefore the goofs expected in any particular L2 production would be similar to those made by children learning the same language as their LI. For example Jose want Miss Jones would be expected since LI acquisition studies have shown that childrengenerally omit functors, in this case the -s inflection for third person singular present indicative.” (Dulay and Burt 1974: 96)
The morpheme order studies indicated a predetermined order of acquisition for certain grammatical morpheme. However this research shows that this order can not be changed by instructions. Though researchers are failed to answer that why some morpheme unites are acquired earlier than others.
During the 1980s, however, a number of researchers studying the acquisition of German and English proposed an interested explanation for the disparity between instruction and acquisition based on speech-processing constraints (Pienemann 1989). They argued that every item of grammar should be structured according to its complexity. So learner will goes one step ahead every time. Though it has made for short term memory, for longer period this will not work. We can see that some items can be memorized easily while other takes time. This can be difficult during the speech process, because while speaking these all grammatical things should be in working memory and while speaking it is very hard to concentrate on every structure as speaking is very fast process, so, at that time one can only focus on one part of speech. They say that every grammatical unit should have one step ahead from learners’ capability and this is called “Teachability Hypothesis”. However to know the progress every item should be structurally graded.
The researchers who has put this idea in practice are vigorously reject the concepts of grammar structure and teachability hypothesis. They says that grammar should be taught but only when learner is mentally ready to acquire a next level. Without learner’s readiness the grammar can not be acquired. So they says that the structure and complexity of grammar should be according to the need of learners.
In the 1980s Stephen Krashen was the best known figure in the SLA field. He has given the hypothesis on despairing between learning and acquiring grammatical items. He has given two mental process, 1) Conscious Learning 2) Subconscious Acquiring.
Conscious Learning focuses on grammatical rules and make learner memorize it. While Subconscious Acquiring focuses on acquiring of grammatical rules at subconscious level. He says that both the processes are very separate from each other. Language is mean of communication, so he says language acquisition means comprehension. If learning can comprehend the structure and meaning of it, it means that learner has move one step ahead in acquiring particular language. This is called “Comprehensible Input Hypothesis”.
While putting Krashen’s hypothesis in practical practice researchers has argued that learners should be provided by very natural input. Especially extensive listening can be provide great help. In early stage when learner don’t has to articulate the language at that time listening can help in reducing the errors in structure and pronunciations. Though they emphasizing on listening but many of them are still agree with Krashen’s hypothesis.
Krashen's comprehensible input hypothesis was challenged by Swain (1985), who investigated immersion programmes in Canada in which children receive content instruction in a language other than their L1. Like those whose native language is English they got instructions in other language like French or Spanish and vice versa. What happen is students get very high amount of comprehensible input. Though their L2 is not so much developed as per the need of comprehensible input hypothesis. So according to Swain’s research, in classroom teachers are only speaking more and students are very little. So she gave an alternative hypothesis, “Comprehensible Output Hypothesis”. Which suggest that to acquire a language articulation of language is necessary.
Process – Oriented Research
This research is focused on the process through which learner passes. It focuses on the tasks which learner performs to acquire a language. It ponder upon the classroom activities and other effort which are put to input the data of target language. It focuses on products or outcomes of the process. Long (1981) has said that two way communication generate significantly modified interactions than one way communications. Two way communications means, a talk where mostly everyone is participating and everyone has something unique to share, like group discussions. While on the other hand one way communication means, only one person is involved in speaking others are just listeners, for example, the person is giving speech.
Similarly Daughty and Pica (1986) are also found that required information sharing talks can generate modified interaction than the talks where sharing information is optional. The term “Modified Interaction” means the use of language which has done by the speaker to make the language comprehensible to the speakers. This research was strongly influenced by Krashen's hypothesis that comprehensible input was a necessary and sufficient condition for SLA. The aim of language is to communicate and if it will happen in learners’ targeted language than this is what matters. The meaning of message should be understood.
The process oriented research work of Long has grown the importance of development of task based language teaching. What difference this task based language teaching wants to make is they want syllabus not according to linguistics items but it should be upon tasks. SLA research has informed the work of syllabus designers, methodologists and materials writers by suggesting that the task which encourage learners to negotiate meanings is healthy sign for acquisition. The growing importance of task in syllabus of all kinds is suggesting the growing link between process oriented research and classroom pedagogy.
Current and Future Trends and Directions
Current SLA research progress can be describe in only one word: Complex. Researchers are now come to know that language acquisition has social, interpersonal and even psychological dimensions. These all things affect learners while acquiring a new language. They come to know that input and output both are important. We can not focus only on one process, if there is input then and then output will come, so only focusing on one will not help. They come to know that form and meaning can not be separated. Every form has meaning and every meaning follows one form. And at last they come to know that acquiring or learning is a organic process not the linear process. It will take time and happen on its own it will not work under orders.
In a recent study, Martyn (1996) investigated the influence of certain task characteristics on the negotiation of meaning in small group work, looking at the following variables:
• interaction relationship: whether one person holds all of the information required to complete the task, whether each participant holds a portion of the information, or whether the information is shared;
• interaction requirement: whether or not the information must be shared;
• goal orientation: whether the task goal is convergent or divergent;
• outcome options: whether there is only a single correct outcome, or whether more than one
outcome is possible.
This researches are showing the complexity of learning environment. It also shows that how difficult of almost impossible it is to separate psychological and linguistics factors from social and interpersonal ones.
For future the major challenge is for curriculum designers, materials writers and classroom practitioners, who accepted the task based learning but they are in search to make the task with needed instructions for learners. This is a challenge because this is going to be for beginners in foreign language. The researchers also have to think on till which extent they can allow the task based learning. Experiments are under way to establish the appropriate balance and 'mix' between tasks which have non-linguistic outcomes and exercises which have linguistic outcomes.
The researchers are thinking that organic process of acquiring a language is best. We can not separate its originality and we also cannot learn anything without understanding it in particular context. The organic metaphor sees SLA more as a growing garden than building a wall. Learners do not learn one thing perfectly one item at a time, but learn numerous things simultaneously and imperfectly.
Generalizations
In general we can say that SLA provides an understanding of what language is, what learning is and if we talk about in context of classroom then what teaching is? Secondly if we understand that how children acquire their first language then it can throw light to understand the structure of acquiring a second language. Third is most important. It is to know that there is a vast difference between learners acquiring a new language. All have different level of understanding and different methods. What works for first one may not work for second one. So it is necessary to know that there is difference in acquiring a language among learners. Last one is the way learners view themselves in communication, it will affect the quantity and quality of second language learning. The way learners analyze and grade them selves will affect them at psychological level. In short their confidence level affect their learning.
Claims
It is claimed that adults acquire a second language easily. Well my vote is not going to this claim as learning a whole new language is difficult for adults also and I think it creates more hurdles to adults as their mind has grown up in a structure of particular language and to learn new language it is necessary to adjust another structure in mind so I don’t think it is easy for adults also. Second claim is that practice does not make language perfect. We have this illusion in mind that same like other things practice also can make language perfect which is not true. Practice does not make language perfect. To make your language perfect you have to put it in a practice and should have to create an atmosphere where your language can grow. Only practicing language will not help.
Third claim is that knowing a language rule does not mean that one will able to use it in communications. This is 100% true. Rules does not help in articulating language and the biggest example is your native language. When we started speaking our native language we don’t know the rules of our language then even we are articulating it and then after we have learned the rules. So it is clear that knowing language rule does not make any difference. Next is one can not achieve native like command in short period of time. To articulate a perfect and meaningful language it needs atmosphere. Without it one will not able to get command over language.
Next is comprehension of text is depended on learners ability to understand language. It is totally one learners. The way they understand language they will comprehend meaning from the same level. Then learner already has a language in their brain. They are now trying to add another language in their system so it will take time and as I am repeatedly referring that atmosphere is very important element for acquiring any language.
Conclusion
While summing up we can say that Nunan has shown the both side of SLA coin, like product and process oriented research, conscious learning and subconscious acquisition and also has shown the current situation of SLA and future plans of designing curriculum on task based language learning. In past we have see that how difficult it is to merge social, interpersonal and psychological dimensions but now we have to see, if future plans will be able to do this and create a whole new way for SLA or again we have to find something more advance.
Resources
https://m.box.com/shared_item/https%3A%2F%2Fapp.box.com%2Fs%2Fttu0w2hcsxrcvnuq0ioyzy064tj3szcy
Thank you.
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